Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Pathology (Part-2)

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

1

a. (Immune complex)
Amyloid occurs in the body as a result of immune complex.
Amyloidosis is a rare disease that occurs when an abnormal protein, amyloid build up in organ and interfere with normal functions.
Amyloid are formed by aggregations of Beta- amyloid peptides that is generated by cleavage of larger proteins.
Amyloid can be stained with dyes ( Congo red).

2.

c. (Hairs)
Pili concretions are made up of hairs ( The word pili stands for hair).

3.

c. (Myeloperoxidase)
Neutrophils has at least 3 distinct granules:
Primary or Azurophilic granules: It Contains potent hydrolytic enzymes ( elastase) and myeloperoxidases.
Secondary or specific granules: It contains high level of iron binding protein lactoferrin.
Tertiary or gelatinase granules, which contains matrix metalloproteinases.
Basophils has 2 types of granules:
Primary or Azurophilic: contains acid hydrolases and other enzymes.
Specific granules: ( Includes heparin, histamine, leukotrienes and lysosomes).
Eosinophils
primary granules are absent
large amount of secondary granules ( EPO - Eosinophils peroxidase; MBP- Major basic protein; ECP- Eosinophils cationic proteins).

4.

c. (Neutrophils)
Purulent exudates is thick and opaque exudates that is tan, yellow, green or brown in color. It is an inflammatory exudates with high concentration of leucocytes- predominantly neutrophils, dead cell matter and inflammatory molecules e.g. cytokines, lysozymes.

5.

a. ( Lungs)
Hypostatic congestion is the pooling of blood in capillaries and vein in the dependent part due to effect of gravity. Occurs 1-2 hrs. after death and becomes stable after 12 hrs.
Most common in lungs and Kidney.

6.

c. (Chronic general passive hyperemia)
Passive hyperemia ( Congestion), according to it’s distribution classified as:
Localized
Generalized/systemic
Further, according to onset and duration, Acute and Chronic
Acute Local congestion: Sudden, complete venous obstruction occurs due to ligation of vein, thrombosis, mechanical pressure etc. seen in Strangulated hernia, Volvulus, intussusception, if collateral circulation present, no harm but if collateral circulation absent, local venous congestion, edema, cyanosis occurs.
Chronic local congestion: Gradual, incomplete venous congestion caused by venous compression by tumor, enlarged lymph nodes, liver cirrhosis, portal venous congestion.
Acute General Congestion: Occurs in acute Heart failure.
Chronic general Congestion: Due to valve stenosis.
Nutmeg liver: Condition seen during Right- sided heart failure or tricuspid valve stenosis.
Induration of lung: Condition seen during left sided heart failure or bicuspid/mitral valve stenosis.

7.

b. (Accumulation of excessive granulation tissue)
Proud flesh ( Granulation tissue) forms when an excessive amount of new tissues is produced when a wound is healing. Proud flesh usually occurs when skin starts to heal itself, granulation tissue forms over the wound followed by growth of skin over the granulation tissue.

8.

b. (Erosion)
Partial loss of epithelium on skin or mucus membrane - Erosion
Wound in which only the superficial layer (epidermis) of skin is damaged - Abrasion
Wound characterized by torn and uneven edges, caused particularly by rough and blunt objects - laceration/avulsion
Wound produced by continuous striking of a blunt object and results in damage to S/C tissue without breaking the continuity of skin surface - Contusion. Contusion is classified as:
1 degree ( Bruises):Rupture of capillaries vessels in skin and S/C tissue and formation of ecchymoses, giving rise to bluish or purplish decloration of skin.
2nd degree: Rupture of larger vessels and hematoma
3rd degree: considerable destruction of tissue, may results in gangrene. ]
Punctured wound: wound caused by sharp pointed objects. e.g. nails, characterized by narrow opening, deep in nature.
Penetrating wound: Deep wound communicating with body cavities like abdomen, thorax, trachea etc.
Perforated wound: Wound having two opening: One for entrance and one exits.
Gunshot wound: Produced by various types of firearms, where point of entrance of bullet is marked by smaller opening on a skin.

9.

d. (IL-2)
Exogenous pyrogens are substances which originates outside the body and which are capable of inducing interleukin.
Endogenous pyrogens are substance which originates inside the body, capable of inducing fever by acting on hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. Ex: IL-1, IL-6, TNF and Interferon.

10.

b. (Eosinophils)
Major basic proteins are mainly present in the Eosinophils ( Acidophils), which stain red or pink with acidic dyes ( Eosin).

11.

a.( Sir Thomas Lewis)
The triple response of inflammation, given by Sir Thomas Lewis, is a cutaneous response that occurs from the firm stroking of skin, produces an initial red line, followed by a flare around that line, and then finally a wheal.
Julius Friedrich Cohnheim, pioneer of experimental pathology who helped to determine the morbid changes that occurs in animal tissue affected by inflammation, Tuberculosis and other disease state. He also conducted extensive research into the causes of inflammation.
Elie Metchnikoff, Russian scientist, who was first to discover phagocytosis, a cell - mediated immune response to foreign matter.
Claudius Galen’s discovery was that arteries carry blood although he did not discover circulation.
Rudolf Virchow, ( Father of Modern pathology), stated that just as animals are unable to arise without previously existing animals, cells are unable to arise without previously existing cells.

12.

c.(Venules)
-Most chemical mediators of the inflammation cause an increase in vascular permeability only in Venules.
The chemical mediators of Inflammation includes:
Vasoactive amines such as Histamine and Serotonin
Peptide ( Bradykinin)
Eicosanoids ( Thromboxane's, Leukotrienes, and prostaglandins).

13.

b. (Histamine)
Itching effects of inflammation is produced by Histamines.
Description of different Chemical mediator of Inflammation are as Follow:
Bradykinin: Most potent inflammatory mediator, activates signaling pathways resulting in increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, pain and fever.
Histamine: Potent inflammatory mediator, commonly associated with allergic reaction, promote vascular and tissue changes and possess high chemoattractant activity.
Prostaglandins: Plays key role in generations of inflammatory response, contributes to development of cardinal signs of acute inflammation.
Leukotrienes: LTB4, main functions is to promote inflammation by activating the production of inflammatory cells ( neutrophils) and molecules ( Cytokines).

14.

c. (Both a and b)
Chaperone ( Heat shock Protein) helps in the proper folding of proteins in their transport across ER and golgi complex.
Chaperones are the group of proteins, responsible for ensuring that various processes such as translocation, degradation and folding of protein are carried out properly at all times.
Since, Protein synthesis starts DNA of gene is transferred to mRNA through transcription, then mRNA undergoes translation to produces protein.
However, synthesis of polypeptide does not guarantee the production of functional protein. The polypeptides must fold into correct 3- dimensional conformation, without aggregating or undergoing degradation, to ensure function of protein.
Although, the amino acids sequences of mRNA polypeptide chain provides all information the protein needs to assume the correct 3- dimensional configuration, the intervention of other proteins necessary to ensure proper folding of protein within cells.
Chaperone are the proteins that aids in the proper folding of other proteins by facilitating their assembly without being part of resulting complex.

15.

d. (All)
Free radicals are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in outer orbit, readily react with organic or inorganic chemicals, attacks and degrades nucleus and membrane.
Generation of free radicals:
Cellular metabolism: produced from cell oxidation- reduction reactions e.g. Oxidative phosphorylation.
Enzymatic metabolism of Exogenous chemicals produces intermediate metabolites which are highly reactive free radicals.
Ionizing radiation hydrolyzes water into hydroxyl and hydrogen ions
Divalent metals ( Transitional metal like Copper and irons) accept or donate free electrons during intracellular rxns i.e. catalyze free radicals formations.
Important free radicals: superoxide anions, hydroxyl ions, hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 is not itself free radical but generate OH ion from reaction with copper or ferrous ions.
Free radicals causes cell injury by: a. lipid peroxidation of membrane b. cross linkage of protein c. DNA fragmentation
Protection Mechanism of cells:
Storage and transport proteins: Iron, Copper which catalyze formation of free radical are minimized by bound to storage and transport proteins ( Ceruloplasmin, transferrin, lactoferrin.
Antioxidants ( Vitamin E, Glutathione, Vitamin A, Ascorbate etc.) block the formation of free radicals or scavenge them .
Enzymes ( Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase etc.) . are free radical scavenger.

16.

d. (All)

Difference between Transudates and Exudates fluids

Transudates	Exudates
The type of pleural effusion in which fluid is pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary	The type of pleural effusion in which fluid leaks around the cell of capillary caused by inflammation
occurs due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure	occurs due to increased capillary permeability by an chemical mediator of inflammation
Results in a filtrate of clear or pale yellow color fluid with low protein and cell content	Results in a cloudy or bloody fluid with high protein and cell content
Common cause: Congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, protein losing enteropathy, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis	Common Cause: Infections, malignancies, pulmonary embolism, autoimmune disease.
Specific gravity: < 1.015	Specific gravity >1.015
low protein content <3gm/dl, mainly albumin	High ( >3gm/dl)
LDH < 0.6	LDH >0.6

17.

a. (Neutrophil)

Difference Between Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Characteristics	Acute Inflammation	Chronic Inflammation
Causative agent	Pathogen, Injured tissue	Persistent acute inflammation due to non- degradable pathogen, persistent foreign bodies, or autoimmune reactions.
Major cell involved	Neutrophils, Mononuclear cells (Monocyte and macrophage)	Mononuclear cells (Monocyte, macrophage, Lymphocyte, plasma cell), fibroblast
Primary mediator	Vasoactive amines, Eicosanoid	IFN-gamma, and other cytokines, growth factor, reactive oxygen species, hydrolytic enzymes
Onset	Immediate	Delayed
Duration	few days	upto many months or year
Outcomes	resolution, Abscess formation, chronic inflammation	tissue destruction and healing (Fibrosis)

18.

a. (Viral infection)
Although, Neutrophils is predominant cell in inflammatory exudates of all condition, lymphocytes are predominant in Inflammatory exudates of Viral infection.

19.

b. (Leiomyoma)
Benign Tumor of Smooth muscles is known as Leiomyoma
Malignant tumor of Smooth Muscle is known as Leiomyosarcoma
Benign tumor of Striated Muscles is known as Rhabdomyoma
Malignant Tumor of Striated Muscles is known as Rhabdomyosarcoma
Benign tumor of Cardiac muscles - Myxoma
Malignant tumor of Cardiac muscles- Cardiac sarcoma
-Basal cell carcinoma also known as Rodent ulcer

20.

c. (Both a and b)
Cytological methods commonly used in diagnosis of tumor is:
a. Haematoxylin and Eosin method
b. Papanicolaou test (Pap test): A procedure in which a small brush is used to gently removes cells from the surface of the cervix and the area around it so they can be checked under a microscope for cervical cancer or cell changes that may lead to cervical cancer.

21.

b. (Acid Phosphatase)
Prostate cancer results in elevated levels of Acid phosphatase in Blood.
Some Others facts related to Tumors:
The usual organ or site for the metastasis for the primary tumor is Lung.
Chondromas are the benign tumor of cartilage
Melanoma ( Type of Benign skin cancer), most commonly seen in Old dogs.
Horn cancer affecting aged cattle, is a type of Squamous cell carcinoma.
Sertoli cell tumor in male dog feminizing tumor while Seminoma is the musculizing tumor in female animals.
Tumor arising from serosal epithelium are called as Mesothelioma

22.

b. (Predisposing cause)
The cause which predispose to the occurrence of disease is called as Predisposing cause.
The agent responsible for the disease primarily comes outside the body is called Extrinsic factors while the agent responsible for disease primarily comes inside the body is called as Intrinsic factor.

23.

a. (Septicemia)
Septic bacteria in the blood - Septicemia
Toxin in the blood - Toxemia
Pus in the blood - Pyemia
An excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other parts of body - Hyperemia

24.

b. (Dohle’s body)
Light Blue Amorphous region in the cytoplasm of toxic neutrophils - Dohl’s body
Globular cytoplasmic inclusion composed of immunoglobulin, accumulated in Plasma cell - Russell body
Cytoplasmic Eosinophilic Inclusion in Hepatocyte associated with ballooning and inflammation, seen in Liver Cirrhosis.
Eosinophilic granules protein - Major Basic Protein

25.

c. (Complement)
Self assembling, extracellular system of protein present in inactive form in plasma and body fluid is called : Complement
C- reactive protein is the protein made by liver, which is send into the bloodstream in response of inflammation . In normal condition, it is low in blood.
Haptaglobulin is the protein encoded by Haptoglobin gene, has high affinity to free hemoglobin, most often used to diagnose hemolytic anemia. Exceeded haptoglobin indicates a sign of acute rheumatic fever, ulcerative colitis or a heart attack.

26.

b. (Corpora amylacae)
Corpora amylacae is a general term for small hyaline masses found in the prostate gland, nervous system, lungs and sometimes in other organ of the body.
Hyperkeratosis- Condition marked by thickening of the outer layer of the skin, made up of keratin.
Zenker degeneration- severe glassy or waxy hyaline degeneration or necrosis of skeletal muscles in acute infectious disease.
White muscle disease- Also known as nutritional myopathy, seen in young calves due to deficiency of Vit- E or selenium.
Mucoid degeneration may be seen in condition like Myxoma, myxedema, malnutrition etc.

27.

d. (Sun stroke)
The tissue changes that occurs on excessive absorption of heat by the skin known as Sun stroke.
Heat stroke is condition when a core body temperature goes greater than 104F, with complication involving the CNS, that occur after exposure to high temperature.
scald - burn by moist heat/steam .

28.

b. (Lipofuscin)
Lipofuscin is referred as Aging pigment.
Lipofuscin deposition is the important marker that indicates that cells suffered from free radicals injury.

29.

b. (Lead poisoning)
A blue line is seen at the junction of teeth and gum in Lead toxicity.

30.

b. (Toxic jaundice)
Biphasic type of Vanden berg reaction is seen in Toxic jaundice
Van Den Bergh’s Reaction is a specific reaction to identify the increased serum bilirubin.
Normal values: Total bilirubin - 0.2-1mg/dl ; Direct or conjugated bilirubin- 0.1-0.4mg/dl; indirect or unconjugated bilirubin - 0.2-0.7mg/dl
Van Den Bergh's reagent - It is a mixture of equal volume of sulfanilic acid in dil HCL and Sodium nitrite
Principle: when diazotized sulfanilic acid is mixed with bilirubin, then it forms purple color complex ( Azobilirubin)
Van Den Bergh Reaction Response: 3 types:
Direct positive: When sample treated with van den Bergh reagent, purple color comes within 30 seconds, called direct positive, indicated person suffering from post hepatic or obstructive jaundice ( Conjugated bilirubin- high)
Indirect Positive: When sample treated with van den Bergh reagent, purple color comes only after addition of alcohol, called indirect positive, indicated person suffering from hemolytic jaundice or prehepatic jaundice ( Unconjugated bilirubin - high).
Biphasic reaction: When sample treated with van den Bergh reagent, initially purple color is developed, but intensity of color is increased with addition of alcohol, called biphasic van den Bergh reactions, indicated person suffering from toxic or hepatic jaundice. ( Both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin - high).

Note

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