Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Pathology (Part-6)

a. Hippocrates

• Father of medicine - Hippocrates
• Father of veterinary medicine - Renatius vegetius
• -Father of Zoology - Aristotle
• Gave the cardinal sign of inflammation - Cornelius celsus
• Antemortem 1st conducted by Claudius galen
• -Beginner of modern pathology - G.B. Morgagni
• Father of histology, divided body tissue in 21 group - MFX Bichat
• -Father of cellular Pathology - Rudolph Virchow
• 1st experimental pathologist - John hunter
• Carl rokytansky establish necropsy technique and considered as supreme descriptive pathologist
• Father of microbiology - Louis Pasteur
• father of bacteriology - Robert Koch
• Originator of modern experimental pathology - Julius Cohnheim
• Negri describes intracellular inclusion bodies
• Knoll and Ruska invent electron microscope
• Theobald smith can demonstrate that arthropods act as vector
• Father of pathology - Antonio benevieni
• -Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytosis process
• Father of immunology - Edward jenner

c. 4 elements and 4 humour

• Hippocrates believed that the body was made up of 4 main components or four humours. These four humours remains in balanced in order for people to remain healthy. The four Humours were liquids within the body - Blood, phlegm, Yellow bile and Black bile. These 4 humours were connected with 4 elements i.e. Air, Water, Fire, Earth.
• -Blood ( Moist and warm like air) ( Heart is source of blood)
• Phlegm (moist and cold like water) ( Brain is the source of phlegm)
• -Yellow bile ( Dry and hot like fire) ( Liver is the source of yellow bile)
• Black bile ( Dry and cold like earth) ( Spleen is the source of black bile)

a. In Lyon, France, on Jan 1, 1762

• Claude Bourgelat, (Man renowned for his skill in Horsemanship and horse medicine), founded Veterinary School in Lyon, France on Jan 1, 1762.

c. Cellular adaptation

• Bulging muscles (Hypertrophy) of a Racehorse is example of Cellular adaptation.
• When cells are injured or subjective to pressure, one of the two patterns will generally result:
• -1st cell tend to adopt, when cells adopt to injury, their adaptive changes can be atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia or metaplasia.
• Degenerative or retrogressive changes if no adaptive response is possible, is known as cellular injury.
• a. Reversible cell injury leading to adaptation of cell and tissue.
• b Irreversible cells injury leading to cell death or tissue damage.
• Steps of development of lesions in cell injury:
• Biochemical lesion ---- Ultrastructural lesion ------ Gross lesion ------ Microscopic lesion
• Consequences of cell injury depends on:
• Type, Duration and severity of Stimulus
• Type, State and adaptability of cell

d. All

• Loss of blood causes:
• Death of neuron within 3-5 mins
• Death of Myocardium, hepatocyte, and renal epithelium within 30 min- 2 hrs
• Death of Fibroblast, skeletal muscles and epidermis (after many years)

d. Pink color due to Protein

• In H and E stain, hydropic degenerated vesicels takes pink color due to protein; Mucin takes blue color while pseudomucin also takes pink color.

a. Between the cells

• Amyloid infiltration or waxy degenerations occurs in between the cells while Hyaline, fats, glycogen collects within the cells.
• Facts related to Amyloid infiltration:
• Antigen- Antibody reaction (Hyperglobulinemia) is cause of Amyloidosis and Fibrinoid degenerations.
• Amyloid deposited around the blood vessels and in the connective tissue.
• Example of Amyloid infiltrations: a. Bacon spleen (Diffuse Amyloidosis: Amyloid substance is deposited in both white and red pulp (around central arterioles and splenic sinusoid) b. Sago spleen (focal amyloidosis: Amyloid substance deposited in the wall of the central arterioles and replaced white pulp only).
• Iodine gives Mahogany brown color to amyloid while Iodine followed by 1% weak H2SO4, gives black or blue color; Congo red gives red color to amyloid; Methyl violet gives Rose red to amyloid and surrounding tissue blue color.
• Note: Congo red dye is used to assess the extent of amyloidosis by I/V injecting.

c. Hyaline

• In Hyaline degeneration, extracellular component of cells transformed into glassy appearance, and it is translucent and more acidophilic.
• Zenker’s degeneration of rectus abdominis muscles in Human typhoid, equine azoturia, white muscles disease and stiff lamb disease are examples of hyaline degenerations.
• Examples of C.T hyaline: Arteriosclerosis and Scar tissue
• Example of Epithelial Hyaline: Corpora amylacae (General term for small hyaline masses found in the prostate gland, nervous system, lungs and sometimes in other organ of body) and Hyperkeratosis.
• In hyaline degeneration, Council Man’s body present in Hepatitis
• In hyaline degeneration, Russel’s body present in Plasma cell Myeloma
• In Hyaline degeneration, Mallory body present in Cirrhosis.

b. Blue

• Mucin is glycoprotein constitutes of mucus.
• -Mucin takes blue color with H and E stain
• -Mucin takes purplish red color with PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)
• Mucin takes blue color with Alcian Blue
• Pseudomucin (In Cystadenoma of Ovary) takes pink color with H and E stain.

c. Gout

• In gout, crystal of uric acid or urates of Na and Ca are deposited in the tissue.
• -Aquatic animals are ammoniotelic, Mammals are ureotelic while birds are uricotelic.
• Like birds, in dalmatian dogs, uric acid excreted in large quantity due to uricase enzymes.
• Gout occurs in all (Birds, Apes) and Man (drinking large amount of bear and red wines)
• In birds, Gout occurs in Articular form (Urates deposits in Joints) and Visceral forms (Crystal of urates deposited in Visceral organs)
• In humans, gout occurs in Primary forms (Gout which is familial and hereditary and occurs due to hyperuricemia due to metabolic defects in the purine metabolism) and secondary forms (Gout occurs due to overproduction of uric acids as in polycythemia, hemolytic anemia, leukemia).

b. Glycogen is removed during preparation of section

• In glycogen infiltration, with H and E stain, it appears empty vesicles because Glycogen is removed during preparation of section and In H and E stain staining only periphery stain blue because Glycogen appear in Nucleus, and it pushed to periphery.
• With Best’s carmine stain, Glycogen takes light pink Color.
• Glycogen infiltration mainly occurs in Liver and kidney.

d. All

• Fat depots of body are Brisket, Bone-marrow, Subcutis, Jowl of swine, Omentum, Orbital fossa, mesentery, Prerenal region, pericardial subserosa etc.
• The condition in which due to metabolic derangement, large quantity of fat from fat depots to healthy cells of liver- Over loading- Fat accumulates, known as: Fatty infiltration. The cause of fatty infiltration is Choline deficiency in liver and disturbance in fat metabolism. While The condition in which mitochondria damage, enzymes of fat metabolism disturbed - Fat accumulates and becomes visible, known as Fat degeneration and fat phanerosis. Fatty degeneration occurs in parenchymatous cells of liver, kidney and heart.
• In fatty infiltration, one or two large vacuoles are present in cells and nucleus is displaced to the side while in fatty degeneration, vacuole become smaller and numerous, and nucleus is not displaced.
• Thrush breast heart/tabby cat heart occurs in Fatty degeneration.
• Fat demonstrated by Frozen section technique and freezing microtome technique
• Fat takes yellow/orange color by Sudan III while fat takes red color by Sudan IV (Scarlet red) while fat takes black color by osmic acid.
• Xylol removes fat during processing.

a. Active hyperemia

• Hyperemia which is due to arterial and arteriolar dilation produces an increased flow of blood into capillary beds - Active hyperemia. Inflammation is the cause of active hyperemia. All active hyperemia is acute. Active hyperemia is best detected by cardinal signs of inflammation.
• Hyperemia due to impaired venous drainage- Passive hyperemia (Congestion). Passive hyperemia is both either acute or chronic (More common).
• In general passive hyperemia, interference in venous drainage is central i.e., in heart or lung. -----Chronic passive hyperemia of lung (Brown induration of lung; Heart failure cells occurs in lung) occurs in mitral valves disease or left side heart failure.
• Chronic passive hyperemia of liver (Nutmeg pattern of liver; Cardiac cirrhosis) occurs in tricuspid valve disease or right-side heart failure.
• In hypostatic congestion, there is disturbance of circulation (Sluggish circulation) leads to accumulation of blood in ventral portion of body due to influence of gravity.
• Hypostatic congestion occurs at time of death - Agonal congestion while hypostatic congestions occur after death - postmortem congestion. In postmortem hypostatic congestion, fluid is not frothy while in antemortem, fluid is frothy.
• The complicating change of hypostatic congestion includes Oedema, inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis etc.

a. less than 1 mm in diameter

• The size of petechial (pinpoint) hemorrhage is less than 1 mm in diameter.
• Hemorrhage is suffusion when there is diffuse, flat, irregular area of bleeding.
• Purpura has the size of approximately 1 cm in diameter
• The size of ecchymotic hemorrhage is over 1-2 cm in diameter.

d. All

• Formation of thrombus involves interaction of all (Blood vessel wall, platelets, and blood clotting systems) while formation of blood clot involves blood clotting system.
• Although thrombus is also a type of blood clot, but it occurs inside the artery and veins,
• Blood clot is lifesaving while thrombus is life threatening.
• Main component of thrombus is platelets while main component of blood clot is fibrins.
• Other facts related to Thrombus
• Thrombi is common in veins (Slow circulation)
• Vegetative endocarditis occurs in vegetation types of valvular thrombi
• Types of cardiac thrombi: Valvular thrombi (Most common in erysipelas and attached to valve), Mural thrombi (Attached to wall, common in cattle with BQ), Ball thrombi (Uncommon and almost seen in setting of mitral valve disease).
• In horse, thrombi are common in anterior mesenteric artery due to strongylus vulgaris larva.
• Venous thrombi in animals observed in nasal vascular sinus of cow and horse, veins of broad ligament of cow, Scrotal plexus of horse etc. while venous thrombus in man are common in femoral, popliteal and iliac vein etc.

d. Lateral thrombi

• Thrombi which attached to one side of vessel only - Lateral thrombi
• Thrombi which attached to entire circumference of vessels - Occluding thrombi
• Thrombi which occur on bifurcation of blood vessels - Saddle thrombi
• Thrombi in which new blood channel have been formed through clot - Canalized thrombi
• Septic thrombi are which contains bacteria while aseptic thrombi are which doesn’t contain bacteria.
• Example of parasitic thrombi: Dirofilaria imitis in case of dog and Strongylus vulgaris in horse
• Thrombi which entirely composed of platelets and observed in heart and blood vessel - White thrombus
• -Thrombi which composed of platelets, fibrin, RBC and WBC and observed in vein - Red Thrombi
• Most common type of thrombi - Mixed thrombi (In which thrombus white portion form when blood flow is rapid and red portion form when blood flow is slow)
• Types of mixed thrombus, composed of alternating layer of white or red portion - Laminated thrombus
• Lungs is a fibrinolytic organ, In Lung, thrombi formed due to platelets and leucocyte.
• Note: Thrombosis can cause aneurysm ( Bulge in blood vessels due to weakness in blood vessel).
• The cause of thrombus is inflammation in thrombophlebitis while in phlebothrombosis, the cause of thrombus is stasis and size of primary thrombus.

d. Both a and c

• Type of P.M. Clot are red or current jelly clot ( Clot in which components of blood are evenly distributed) and yellow or chicken fat clot ( Clot in which components of blood are not evenly distributed).

a. Artery

• In domestic animal, Emboli always occur in Artery.
• Emboli almost always lodges in artery and capillaries because diameter of these vessels are progressively decreases.
• In human, venous emboli arises from thrombi within vein of leg
• -When venous emboli passes through right side of heart and lodge in pulmonary circulation then it is known as Pulmonary embolism While when venous emboli passes through left side of heart and lodges in systemic circulation, then it is known as Paradoxical embolism.
• -Fat emboli is found in lung from fatty marrow when fracture of long bone occurs.
• Firm fat is less likely to form emboli while soft fat is more likely to form emboli.
• Nitrogen gas is responsible for gas/air emboli
• Embolus in abundant blood supply organ like liver causes less injury while embolus in organ having not abundant blood supply as in heart, kidney, spleen causes more injury ( Death of area).

a. Starts at centre within 24 hrs and extend to periphery within 72 hrs

• In infarction, necrosis starts at centre within 24hrs and extends to periphery within 72hrs.
• In solid compact organ like kidney, heart, and spleen etc. pale or white infarct (Anemic infarct) occurs. These are referred as white because of lack of the hemorrhaging and limited red blood cells accumulation, while in loose spongy organ like lungs red or hemorrhagic infarction occurs.
• Red infarct due to double blood supply occurs in liver and lung.
• Note: Red infarct is common in intestine in Horse.
• Infarction of kidney are common in cow and pig, wedge shape and found in cortex, source of infarction is cardiac thrombi. Cardiac thrombi is cause of infarction of kidney and spleen.
• Arteriosclerosis is cause of infarction of brain and heart.

c. Oedema

• Excess accumulation of fluid interstitially ( intercellular tissue space) and in body cavites - Odema
• Generalized swelling of Subcutaneous tissue - Anasarca
• Oedema in pericardial sac - Hydropericardium
• Oedema in ventricle of brain- Hydrocephalus
• Oedema in peritoneal cavity - Ascites
• Notes: Starling force means fluid balance between intravascular and interstitial compartment is governed by Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. Odema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic and decreased osmotic pressure.
• Most important cause of edema in animal ( most severe edema; cause of parasitic edema, renal edema, nutritional/cachectic edema) - Decreased osmotic pressure; While the important cause of edema in man ( Cardiac edema) - Increased hydrostatic pressure
• Cause of local edema- lymphatic obstruction while cause of generalized edema - Sodium retention

d. All of above

• Shock or vascular collapse occurs when there is inadequate blood flow to cells, decrease in total blood volume, Decrease in cardiac output.

c. Same

• The size of cell in different species is same, the difference in size of two animals is due to difference in total number of cells.

c. May be congenital or acquired

• Congenital disturbance includes: Agenesis, Aplasia, Hyperplasia
• Aplasia: Bud is there but there is complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop.
• Agenesis: There is complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop, even bud is not there.
• Hyperplasia: Increase in size of organ due to increase in number of cells.
• Acquired disturbance includes: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
• Atrophy: decrease in size of cells or organ after it has attained their mature size.
• Hypoplasia: Cells never reach to their full size.
• Hypertrophy: Increase in size of organ due to increase in size of cells
• Hyperplasia: Increase in size of organ due to increase in number of cells
• Metaplasia: Change of one type of cells to another.
• -Types of atrophy: Physiological, senile, starvation, disuse, neurotrophic, angiotrophic, pressure, endocrine and Brown atrophy
• Brown atrophy: With times, autophagic vacuole increases in number and persists as membrane bound residue bodies ( lipofuscin granules) in cytoplasm and impart brown discoloration in tissue - Brown atrophy.

d. Reproductive

• The organ first shows the senile ( aging) changes are reproductive organs. As organ ages, aging pigment ( Lipofuschin) deposited in organs.

d (All)

• Types of hypertrophy:
• a. Physiological: Enlargement of uterus during pregnancy involves both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
• Adaptive : Enlargement of muscles of athletes.
• Compensatory: Increase in size of an organ or tissue when called upon to do additional work or to perform the work of destroyed tissues or of a paired organ.
• Compensatory hypertrophy occurs in kidney, lungs ( Paired organs).
• C.N.S never undergoes hypertrophy.

a. Ovum

b. Metaplasia is irreversible change

c. Dysplasia

• Dysplasia ( Atypical hyperplasia) is not an adaptive process, in which epithelium cells undergone proliferation and atypical cytological alterations but not neoplastic.
• When there is change in which newly formed cells is more immature than original cells - Anaplasia
• Changes of adult tissue to other tissue but level of differentiation is same - Nomicoplasia. Example of Nomicoplasia: Changes of fibroblast to fibrocyte and vice versa.
• Normal Formation - Euplasia
• Repair (Increased formation) is example of Proplasia
• Degeneration, necrosis ( decrease formation) is example of Retroplasia
• If content are accumulated, and if these get compressed because of accumulation then it is known as false metaplasia

b. Blue

• Calcified tissue takes blue stain with H and E, while Calcified tissue takes black color with Von kossa’s silver nitrate stain.

d. All

• Post- Mortem changes are rapid in following conditions:
• a. when there is high environment temperature
• b. When the size of individual is large
• c. when there is thick external insulation