Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Pathology (Last one)

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

1.

b. (Baby Chick)
Nutritional Encephalomalacia ( Crazy Chick disease) is the disease of baby chick, characterized by nervous signs ( ataxia, disequilibrium, falling on back, frequent movement with wings, strongly stretched legs, twisting of head, results due to Vit-E deficiency.

2.

d. (None of above)
Canine hysteria ( Also called fright disease, running fits) is the epileptic condition of dogs usually considered due to toxic elements in the food in which the affected dog may suddenly run or bark senselessly, hide without cause, or undergoes spasm or convulsion.

3.

d. (None)
Chastek paralysis ( A fatal paralytic vitamin deficiency of foxes and minks that are bred in captivity and fed raw fish and that is caused by enzymatic inactivation of thiamine by thiaminase present in fish.

4.

a. (Manganese deficiency)
Calve fed a ration consisting entirely of milk will show symptoms of Manganese deficiency. Since, milk contains very small amount of Copper, Iron, Manganese and sodium and not considered as a major source of these minerals in diet.

5.

d. (10 mm Hg)
The rate at which edematous fluid accumulates is given by:
Edematous fluid = Net pressure out - Net pressure in
Note:
Net pressure out = Hydrostatic pressure at arterial end - osmotic pressure of blood protein
Net Pressure In = Osmotic pressure of blood protein - Hydrostatic pressure at venous end

6.

a. (Low atmospheric pressure)
Caisson’s Disease is caused by an accumulation of nitrogen gas bubble in blood vessels, which act as emboli and precipitate tissue infarction.
This phenomenon is most frequently encountered in individuals, such as deep sea divers, who are removed too rapidly from a high pressure environment.
Less commonly, rapid removal from low pressure environment such as in high altitude flying, my produce similar condition.
the entire syndrome has been called as Decompression sickness.

7.

d. (Intermediate filament)
Component of cytoskeleton useful in tumor diagnosis - Intermediate filaments

8.

b. (Chediak Higashi Syndrome)
Chediak Higashi syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by impairment of phagocytic property of WBC.

9.

c. (Vitiligo)
Vitiligo is a long term condition where pale white patches develops on the skin, caused due to partial or complete loss of melanocyte in the epidermis, commonly happens in the face, neck and hands.

10.

b. (Articular gout)
Tophi ( a deposit of crystalline uric acid and other substance at the surface of joints or in skin or cartilage) is related to articular gout.

11.

d. C3a and C5a
The anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a and C5a-desArg) are generally considered pro inflammatory polypeptides generated after proteolytic cleavage of C3 and C5 in response to complement activation. Their functions include chemotaxis, activations of granulocyte, mast cells and macrophages.

12.

d. (Hodgkin’s disease)
Reed- Sternberg cells are the large abnormal lymphocyte ( a type of WBC) that may contains more than one nucleus, found in people with Hodgkin lymphoma ( A type of cancer that affects lymphatic system in which WBC called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growth throughout body.

13.

d. (All)
Mitotic index, Cell differentiation, and Nodal spread, etc. are used in Tumor grading.
Tumour grade is determined by degree of cellular differentiation based on histological appearance of individual tumors.
Grade -1: Low grade, consists well differentiated cells
Grade -2: Intermediate grade, consists moderately differentiated cells
Grade -3: High grade, consists poorly differentiated cells
Grade -4: Anaplastic
Stages of tumors: ( TNM staging: Tumor size, Nodal involvement, Metastasis)
Stage 0: carcinoma in situ- Early form
Stage 1: localized
Stage 2: Early locally advanced
Stage3: Late locally advanced
Stage 4: Metastasize

14.

a. (Layered egg)
In birds, the antiperistalsis movement pushes one smaller egg within a larger egg, set apart by albumin or yolk, called layered egg.
Yolkless egg ( Also called fart eggs; cock eggs, fairy eggs, dwarf eggs, and witch eggs) : when a pullet has just started laying eggs, it’s reproductive system lays a tiny yolkless egg, which is common and usually pose no harm.
Shell less egg : Shell less egg ( thin shell egg) or soft shell egg, seen in older high producing birds, deficient in Calcium level.

15.

d. (Copper)
Jaundice and Hemoglobinuria may develop due to excess feeding of Copper.
-Livestock generally tolerate excessive phosphorus intakes as excretion of excess phosphorus take place via urine.
Excess Phosphorus in diet predispose the animals to urinary calculi ( Diet rich in Magnesium predispose to phosphatic calculi because Magnesium phosphates are integral to growth of calculus. Dietary excess of Phosphorus in broiler leads to tibial dyschondroplasia. In horse, feeding excess P and low Calcium causes secondary hyperparathyroidism.

16.

b.(Papular stomatitis)
Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goat that affects primarily the lips of young animals, caused by Parapoxvirus, characterized by lesions developed at mucocutaneous junctions of the lips and around erupting incisor teeth and may extend to the mucosa of the buccal cavity.

17.

c. (Mucus membrane of tongue, vagina etc )
Epidermoid carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma involving mucus membrane of tongue, vagina etc.

18.

c. (Liver)
In the dog BSP (Bromosulphathalein) clearance is used to assess the function of liver.
Actually, Bromosulphathalein is a dye used to assess the excretory functions of liver. It is non- toxic compound and almost exclusively excreted by the liver through bile.
BSP is administrated intravenously and it’s serum concentration is measured at 45min and at 2 hrs.
Rate of removal of BSP from is a sensitive indicator of hepatobilliary functions.

19.

d. (250km)
-Aerosols of infective droplet generated by cattle suffering from FMD may spread virus over a distance of 250 km.
FMD ( Foot and Mouth Disease) is highly contagious viral disease of Cloven- footed animals, characterized by vesicles formation on the feet, snout and mouth region, caused by aphthovirus of family Picornaviridae (Single Stranded RNA virus).

20.

c.(Methyl green pyronin stain)
Methyl green pyronin stain is a classical histological staining technique using two basic (cationic) dyes for the demonstration and differentiation of DNA and RNA.
Fontana Masson stain is used to demonstrate argentaffinic substances, most often melanin, which are found in carcinoid tumors, in the digestive tract or lung. It relies upon the melanin granules to reduce ammonical silver nitrate thus giving blackish staining.
Wright’s stain is a hematologic stain ( classically a mixture of Eosin and Methylene blue dyes) that facilitates the differentiations of blood cells types.

21.

b. (Perineum)
Site where photosensitization lesions are seen in sheep - Pinna, Muzzle and coronary band.
Lesions associated with photosentization includes erythema, sloughing, blister formation.
Photodynamic agents phylloerythrin accumulate in the body if there is biliary tract obstruction.

22.

d. (Sudden drop in egg production restored after 2-3 weeks)
Infectious coryza influences egg production in farm showing sudden drop in egg production restored after 2-3 weeks.
Infectious coryza is an acute respiratory disease of chicken caused by bacteria Avibacterium paragallinarum ( gram -ve, non -motile bacteria) characterized by decrease activity, nasal discharge, sneezing, facial swelling etc.

23.

b. (Dyskeratosis) - Keratinization within cells of the prickle layer ( Stratum spinosum) - Dyskeratosis

Layers of skin

Epidermis
Stratum Basale ( deepest layer)( Stratum germinativum)- New skin cells develops in this layer; it contains keratinocyte ( cells which produces protein keratin); Melanocyte ( cells which produces pigment melanin).
Stratum spinosum : this layer mainly contains keratinocyte held together by sticky protein ( Desmosomes)
stratum granulosum: this layer keratinocyte have granules within them, visible under microscope.
stratum lucidum: thin, transparent layer of keratinocyte
stratum corneum ( Superficial layer): Top epidermis layer, where keratinocyte becomes corneocytes ( strong, dead keratinocyte).
Dermis : Consists of two layer:
Papillary layer: superficial dermis (consists nerve ending with sense of touch, pain, heat, cold, pressure). Also contains dermal papillae
Reticular layer: deeper dermis ( fat cells, lymph vessels, blood, sweat gland, hair follicles)
Hypodermis
mainly consists fat cells
Different lesions associated with skin:
Macules-flat with different color than surrounding skin; Patches- macules with wrinkles; Papules - elevated skin lesion less than 5mm ; Plaque- elevated skin greater than 5 mm but no substantial depth ; Nodule- > 5 mm with depth ; Cyst - nodule with expressible material; vesicle- blister less than 5 mm filled with clear fluid ; bullae - blister greater than 5 mm; Pustules - vesicle with purulent fluid ;
Lichenification- epidermal thickening ; induration - dermal thickening ; erythema - vasodilation of dermal blood vessel; purpura - blood extravasated by disrupted dermal blood vessels

24.

Feulgen reaction is a cytochemical test for DNA.
DNA staining by Feulgen Stain:

Staining technique discovered by Robert Feulgen, used in histology for identification of chromosomal material or DNA in cell specimen. Staining basically depends on acid hydrolysis, Initially acid hydrolysis is performed ( 8-12min), results in cleavage of the nitrogen bases and form aldehyde groups. preparation are then placed in Schiff reagent, where the reagent forms bond with this aldehyde groups, forming red-violet product. Formation of this product is the evidence of presence of DNA because RNA is not hydrolyzed by acid treatment..

25.

a. (Carnification)
A pathologic process in lung accounting for conversion of organized pneumonic area to fibrous tissue - Carnification
A stage of pneumonia showing contraction of alveolar exudates, fibrinolysis and appearance of macrophage - Resolution
An alteration in the alveolar septal wall accounting for proliferation of septal cells to form large mononuclear cells and short fibroblast imparting an embryonal appearance to the pulmonary parenchyma - Fetalisation
A lung lobe appear smaller in volume, has wrinkled outer surface and it’s cut pieces sinks - Atelectasis
A stage of pneumonia, where lung appears voluminous, and dark red, it’s cut surface oozes reddish fluid on pressure - Stage of congestion
A stage of pneumonia where red blood cells replaces hepatocyte - Red hepatization
A stage of pneumonia where white blood cells replaces hepatocyte - Grey hepatization