Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Pathology (Part-7)

b. Head, limb, neck and trunk

• The order of occurrence of Rigor mortis : Head, Limb, Neck, and Trunk
• The order at which Rigor mortis disappear: Head, neck, trunk, and limb
• Rigor mortis starts 1-8 hrs after death while rigor mortis disappear 20-30 hrs after death
• After disappearing rigor mortis, it doesn’t reappears
• Most commonly displaced organ after death - intestine

a. Cellular response of injury

• When there is injury, delivery of leucocytes particularly neutrophils and monocytes at the site of injury is known as cellular response of injury.
• Sequences of leucocytic events includes:
• Margination- Adhesion - Emigration- Chemotaxis - Phagocytosis - Extracellular release of leucocytic products
• 1st line of defense - Neutrophils while 2nd line of defense - Macrophages
• The chemical substances which induces inflammation, and reaches at site of inflammation in second - Chemical mediator.
• -The substances which activates inactive mediators - Activators
• -Examples of Activators - Cytokines, Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins
• -Cytokines are produced by activated lymphocyte and macrophages; Leukotrienes is generated by lipoxygenase pathways; Prostaglandins is generated by cyclooxygenase pathways.
• -If cytokines acts on same cells that reduces them - Autocrine effect; If cytokines acts on cell in immediate vicinity - Paracrine effect and if cytokines acts systemically - endocrine effect

b. Unsaturated fatty acids

• The antienzyme which inhibits the pus formation in T.B. consists of unsaturated fatty acids.
• Pus is composed of necrotic tissues, neutrophils, other constituents of inflammation ( Exudates) etc.
• Pus is alkaline in nature
• Streptococcus or Staphylococcus produces white or yellow pus.
• Cornebacteria produces greenish pus
• Disintegrating hoof material produces black pus
• -Pyocananeous bacillus produces blue green pus
• Extend of proteolysis determines viscosity of pus.

a. Permanent/Non dividing cells

• The cells which can't undergo mitotic division in postnatal life - Permanent/ Not dividing cells - Examples of permanent/ not dividing cells: Nerve cells/ skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
• The cells which continuously proliferate throughout life - Labile/ continuously dividing cells
• Examples of Labile/continuously dividing cells - Epithelium, cells of splenic lymphoid and haemopoietic tissue
• The cells which have low level of proliferation, can undergo rapid division in response to stimuli - Stable/quiscent cells
• Examples of Stable/quiescent cells: Parenchymal, Mesenchymal and Vascular endothelial cells
• Repairs by regenerations occurs in Epithelium, blood vessel, epidermis, mesothelium, Tendon, ligament, Cartilage and bone while regeneration can't occurs in Nerve cells, secretory epithelium of glands and seminiferous epithelium.

c. Healing of close wound

• Healing of close wound occurs by 1st intention or primary intention when the wound edges are approximated e.g. suture, staple or glue. In healing by 1st intention, resulting tissue is called cicatrix or scar. In close wound, healing begins within 12 hrs. In 1st intention wound, granulation tissue appears on day 3.
• Healing of open wound or when there is excessive loss of tissue, healing occurs by second intention when the wound edges are not approximated and wound needs to heal from the bottom. Pus is visible in open wound by 2nd day. Macrophages replaced neutrophils in open wound in 48-72 hrs.
• When movement or trauma prevents healing of tissue wound and granulation tissue continuous to produce in excess, it is known as Proud flesh.
• After healing, Scar is formed. When scar continue to grow, this mass of CT called as Keloid
• Glucocorticoids, Cortisone, Penicillin, decrease polysaccharide level, Advance age and low protein diet, Chalone etc… All are decreasing healing process.
• Substances like protein, carbohydrates, arginine, glutamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids, Vit A , Vit C , magnesium, copper and zinc, iron promotes wound healing.

c. Both ( Both Transformed and Tumor cells are neoplastic cells

a. Refrigeration

• In lung worm disease, fecal sample is preserved by Refrigeration
• Nervous tissue is preserved in 70-80% alcohol or 95% methylated spirit
• Material containing virus should be preserved in 50% Glycerine
• Optimum size of tissue for preservation - 2-3cm 1-2 cm 0.5-1 cm
• Fecal sample is preserved in 5% formalin
• Fecal sample suspected for coccidia should be preserved in 1% formalin or 2.5% potassium dichromate
• Serum is preserved in phenol; Milk is preserved for bacteriological examination by ice; milk is preserved for tubercular organism by 0.1% boric acid; Urine is preserved for bacteriological examination by ice; Urine is preserved for chemical examination by pure formalin; Blood smear for chemical examination are preserved by Potassium oxalate.
• Blood smear and pus smear for bacteria are fixed by passing slowly over the flame; Blood smear for protozoa are fixed by Methyl alcohol.

b. Ascending series of alcohol

• In histopathological technique, dehydration is done by ascending series of alcohol.
• Since dehydration is simply the removal of water from aqueous- fixed tissue. Since most fixative are aqueous, this step is necessary to prepare tissue for embedding in non- aqueous media like paraffin. Alcohol are most commonly used in lab for tissue dehydration, since they miscible with aqueous fixatives like 10% formalin. In this step, the alcohol penetrates tissue quickly and water is replaced with alcohol.
• Size of tissue section in section cutting of histopathological technique should be 4-6 microns.
• In histopathological technique, tissue can be fixed by 10% formalin, zenker’s fluid, carnoy’s fluids. ( Carnoy’s fluid - requires shortest time for fixation)
• Clearing in histopathology is the process of replacing dehydrant with substance which is miscible with embedding medium or paraffin wax. Most commonly used clearing agent of tissue are xylene or benzene, Cidar wood oil, Chloroform or carbon tetrachloride

a. Patentcy of foramen ovale

• Blue baby condition is seen due to patency of foramen ovale while tetrology of fallot ( combination of four congenital heart defects- ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, misplaced aorta, thickened right ventricular wall) gives blue babies condition in human.
• Ectopia cardis - the condition in which heart is found outside the thorax
• Diplocardia - the condition in which two heart is found
• Systolic murmur is present in Interventricular foramina persistency, Pulmonic and subaortic stenosis
• If clot is completely block the heart, the condition called cardiac temponade
• The commonest cardiac anomalies is Interarterial septal defect.
• Patent ductus arteriosus ( Persistent opening between two major blood vessels - Aorta and pulmonary artery) is also known as ductus botalli.
• Very great dilation of heart is known as Cor bovinum

d. Petechial

• in shock, toxaemia, and hypoxemia, petechial hemorrhage is commonly seen similarly, petechial hemorrhage also seen in purpura hemorrhagica of horse while in sweet clover poisoning, diffuse and echhymosis hemorrhage are seen.
• Traumatic pericarditis is the cause of pyopericardium
• In fibrinous pericarditis, Shaggy heart along with bread and butter appearance occur. Cause of fibrinous pericarditis is Rheumatic fever. Cor rugusum (Wrinkled or folded) heart appearance is seen in Suppurative pericarditis. Fine frost appearance of heart is seen in uric acid pericarditis. Uric acid pericarditis occurs in fowl suffering from visceral gout. Tubular pericarditis is common in cattle.
• Constrictive pericarditis ( A condition where pericardium becomes thick and stiff, interferes with heart’s pumping ability) caused due to pyogenic staphylococcal infection and tubercle bacilli infection.
• Heart enlarged with thickened wall and lumen of chamber get narrowed, condition known as Concentric hypertrophy while if Hypertrophy accompanied with dilation, called Eccentric hypertrophy.

d. Hen

• Round heart disease, characterized by myodegeneration, deformation of heart and sudden death is most commonly seen in hen, specially in summer season caused due to fed diet rich inn carbohydrate, poor in protein and also in zinc toxicity.
• Mulberry heart disease ( also called myopathy), specific disease of heart muscles, common cause of sudden death, seen in pigs associated with lack of Vit-E and selenium in diet.
• Heart worm ( Dirofilaria imitis), is parasite of Myocardium, found in right ventricle of heart of dog.
• Cysticercus cellulosae is found in heart muscles of Pig
• Cattle, Sheep, Pig etc. all are susceptible to Sarcocystis tenella in his heart muscles.
• In endocarditis, endocardium of valve is mostly affected, specially mitral valve in case of Endocarditis in dog.

c. Polyarteritis nodosa

• In polyarteritis nodosa, there is inflammation of all layers of the wall of artery.
• Equine viral arteritis is an acute arteritis

b. False aneurysm

• If sac is formed by Surrounding CT, not by artery then it is known as False aneurysm
• If there is formation of a pouch on one side of the wall, then it is known as Saccular aneurysm.
• Millary aneurysm ( Also known as berry aneurysm) is aneurysm of minute arteries usually seen in cranium and it is congenital.
• Elastic artery ( Ex: Aorta) is large artery
• Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis gives onion skin appearance to arteries.
• Buerger’s disease is chronic inflammation of Artery
• Formation of RBC in foetal life occurs in liver while in adult life occurs in Bone marrow. While Erythropoiesis and Granulopoiesis in poultry is intravascular.
• After birth, Lymphocytes are formed in Bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen.

a. Increase in circulating RBC and the RBC is normochromic and normocytic

• Polycythemia is increase in circulating RBC and the RBC is normocytic and Normochromic
• Relative polycythemia is reduction in total blood volume with normal number of RBC
• Absolute polycythemia is normal blood volume with increase in total number of RBC
• Relative Oligocythemia is increase in total blood volume with normal number of RBC
• Absolute oligocythemia is condition in which production of RBC by hemopoiesis is equal to destructions

a. Agranulocytosis

• Commonest symptoms of viral feline panleukopenia - Agranulocytosis
• Condition occurs in protozoal and rickettsial infection - Monocytosis
• Condition common in viral infection- Lymphocytosis
• Cell infitrated predominantly in suppurative lymphadenitis: Neutrophils

a. Bronchostenosis

• Narrowing of bronchial lumen, known as bronchostenosis while dilation of bronchus - Bronchiectasis ; Uniform dilation of bronchus - cylindrical bronchiectasis; An outpouching of bronchial wall - Saccular bronchiectasis
• Atelectasis: Collapse of alveoli ( Failure of alveoli to open and contain air). Collapse of alveoli is always focal. Pneumothorax cause atelectasis of lung. while Emphysema: Increase air in lung. Broken wind or heaves is chronic alveolar emphysema, seen in equine. The Sequelae of Heaves is hypertrophy and dilation of right ventricles.
• Microscopic lesion of congestion of lung - Alveoli contains red cells and heart failure cells; Microscopic lesion of infarction of lung- Alveoli, capillaries and septa is filled with blood; microscopic lesion of hemorrhage of lung - Blood may be found in alveoli, bronchi and bronchiole.
• The pneumonia in which whole lobes is affected, characterized by catarrhal exudates of alveolus- Lobar/ Croupous pneumonia
• The pneumonia in which only lobule is affected, characterized by catarrhal exudates of alveolus - lobular/catarrhal/ bronchopneumonia ( Anterior and ventral part of lung is commonly affected).
• Stages of pneumonia- stage of congestion - stage of red hepatization - stage of grey hepatization
• In Aspiratory pneumonia, affected part is greenish or black in color while verminous pneumonia occurs due to helminths parasite. There is inflammation of alveolar septa in interstitial pneumonia, characterized by presence of hyaline membrane and foetalisation or epitheliolisation of lung. In mycotic pneumonia, nodular lesion are found in Trachea, bronchi , Air-sacs.
• In Jaagsiekte (contagious carcinoma affecting lungs of sheep, caused by retro virus), alveoli show adenomatosis and lesions are focal while In Maedi ( Respiratory disease of sheep caused by lentivirus) , lymphadenitis occurs and lung is not collapse while thorax is opened.

a. Chronic gastritis

• In chronic gastritis, mucosa may be thrown into Polypoid folds.
• Strongyles parasites causes Catarrhal gastritis
• In gastric ulcer, healed gastric ulcer have star- like appearance
• Meckle’s diverticulum is persistant omphalomesenteric duct
• -Caecum undergoes torsion more in cattle while left and transverse colon undergoes torsion more in horse.
• -Intussusception ( telescopy of a portion of intestine into another usually anterior into posterior) occurs mostly in jejunum and caecum in dogs and cattle
• Violent straining during parturition or defecation is cause of Hernia.
• Umbilical hernia occurs in foal, calves and pups.
• When hernia does n’t have parietal peritoneal covering of viscus, called False hernia. Opening of skill will reveal the bowel in case of false hernia, called eventration.
• In pig, predisposing factors of enteritis is deficiency of animal proteins and trace elements.

b. Alternative inflammation of liver

• Hepatitis is alternative inflammation of liver.
• Cirrhosis is chronic hepatitis, characterized by fibrosis, degeneration and hyperplasia of hepatic cells
• Periportal necrosis is commonly seen in Phosphorus poisoning.
• A peculiar type of wedge shaped necrosis occurs only one side of central vein - Paracentral necrosis

b. Azotemia

• Increase of NPN material in blood due to dehydration, rapid break down of protein or increased metabolism, known as Azotemia.
• -Azotemia due to renal cause known as uremia; Toxic syndrome resulting from renal insufficiency also known as uremia. Uremia is characterized as Hyperplasia of parathyroid, metastatic calcification and dyshaemopoietic anemia.
• Cyst in kidney is both congenital and acquired condition
• -Degenerative renal lesion - nephrosis
• In hydronephrosis, whole kidney converted into bag with paper- thin capsule.
• In lower nephron nephrosis, lesions are found in ascending loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules, due to large quantity of hemoglobin excreted through kidney.
• In dogs and cats, oxalates nephrosis occurs by swallowing ethylene glycols
• In Mercury poisoning, Sulphonamide poisoning, oxalate nephrosis, lesion are in proximal convoluted tubules.
• To prevent sulphonamide nephrosis, sulphonamide is administered with Sodium bicarbonate and water
• Pyelonephritis is suppurative nephritis, there is ascending infection, stasis of urine is predisposing factor for pyelonephritis, characterized by inflammation of all parts of kidney involving pelvis and parenchyma of kidney.
• Most common type of nephritis in animals - Interstitial nephritis

d. Glomerulonephritis

• Glomerulonephritis is due to antigen -antibody reaction to foreign proteins, Glomerulonephritis occurs in horse which are used for antisera production.
• -Small granular contracted kidney and thickened capsule peels with difficulty - Chronic interstitial nephritis while In acute nephritis, kidney is of normal size or slightly enlarged and capsule strips off easily - Acute interstitial nephritis. In acute interstitial nephritis, heaviest infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells occurs at Cortico- medullary junction.
• Large white kidney and Epithelial crescents in Bowman’s capsule is characteristics lesion of Sub acute glomerulonephritis
• Presence of casts in urine - Clyindruria . Note: Hyaline casts is cylindrical in shape, colorless and dissolve in acetic acids
• In pyaemic or embolic nephrosis, abscess found in cortex are circular while abscess found in medulla is elongated. All abscess found in pyaemic nephrosis are same age and size.

a. Incomplete loss of motion

• Paresis: Incomplete loss of motion
• Paralysis: Complete immobility of a muscles
• In paraplegia ( Paralysis of hind limb), paralysis arises in cord.

a. Catarrhal

• Catarrhal inflammation does not occurs in brain.
• When a neuron is damaged, oligodendroglial and microglial crowd around such cells without actually invading them - Satellitosis
• The died nerve cells are invaded by microglial and oligodendroglial and removed by phagocytosis known as neurophagia in which nerve cells become irregular, nucleus pyknotic, clumping and condensation of nissl granules and sclerosis of processes.
• Anomaly in which there is absence of most of brain - Anencephaly
• Complete failure of cranial development - acrania; Absence of spinal cord - Amyelia; Defect in the wall of spinal cord caused by lack of union between laminae of vertebrae- Spinabifida
• Hernia of spinal cord - Rachicele; Hernia of meninges - Meningocele; Protrusion of brain - Encephalocele; Congenital fissure in cranium - cranischisis ;
• In internal hydrocephalus, accumulation of CSF - Ventricle while In External hydrocephalus, accumulation of fluid in sub -dural space.
• Inflammation of duramater - pachymeningitis; Inflammation of piameter - leptomeningitis
• Inflammation of grey matter of spinal cord - Poliomyelitis

b. Setaria digitata

• Kumri ( paralytic condition - lumbar paralysis) seen in sheep, goat mainly horse, caused by presence of larva of Setaria digitata in CNS.
• Toxoplasma gondii obligate intracellular parasite of cat ( definitive host), causes coagulative necrosis in brain.
• Hypoderma bovis, also known as heel flies or gad flies, found in fat of vertebral canal, forms cysts and warbles on skin
• The cause of sturdy or gid in sheep is coenurus cerebralis ( larval forms of T. multiceps).

b. Lordosis

• Abnormal curvature of spine with ventral convexity - Lordosis
• Abnormal curvature of spine with lateral convexity - Scoliosis
• Abnormal curvature of spine with dorsal convexity- Kyphosis

c. Apodia

• Absence of posterior limb - Apodia
• Absence of anterior limb- Abrachia
• Absence of limbs - Amelia
• Absence of some of the toes - Perodactyly
• Absence of all the toes in the limb - Adactylism
• Fusion of toes - Syndactylism
• Abnormal shortening of the toes - Brachydactylism

d. All

• Osteodystrophia fibrosa in horse known as Bran disease, renal ricket, rubbery jaw, big head disease, Millers disease etc.
• Osteodystrophy fibrosa occurs when horse are fed rations containing high cereal phosphorus and limited calcium.

d. Compact bone but do not have haversian system

• Exostosis (benign outgrowth of cartilaginous tissue on a bone) of osteophytes have a structure of compact bone but do not have haversian system.
• If Exostosis found in 1st and 2nd phalanx then it is known as ringbone
• Exostosis at end of metacarpal and metatarsal bone - splint
• Exostosis on the medial portion of the distal tarsal bone - Spavin
• When serous fluid is in considerable amount in joint - Joint gall
• Inflammation of hip joint - Coxitis
• Small vertebral articulation becomes ankylosed, known as Ankylosing spondylosis
• Example of bursitis - Bog spavin; Hygroma of carpal joint
• serous bursitis of hock joint in the horse : Bog spavin
• capped elbow in horse involves hock joint
• Poll evil or fistulous wither in horse caused by brucella organism involves hock joint.

b. Cretinism

• Hypothyroidism causes cretinism ( condition characterized by physical deformity and learning difficulties) in young growing children while causes myxedema ( condition characterized by confusion, swelling of body, weakness, difficult breathing) in adult.
• Goitre is non inflammatory and non neoplastic enlargement of thyroid gland.
• Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder causes hyperthyroidism (exophthalmic goiter) characterized by weight loss, nervousness, sweating etc.
• Cushing syndrome is result of hyperfunctions of adrenal cortex.
• Myasthenia gravis ( chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating weakness of voluntary muscles group), caused by hyperplasia of thymus gland.

c. Acanthosis

• Thickening of epidermis due to hyperplasia of cells of malphigian layer - Acanthosis
• Condition in which keratin layer is imperfectly formed but in which the nuclei of horn cells are retained - parakeratosis
• Thickening of all layers of skin - Pachyderma
• Abnormal thickening of stratum granulosum - hyperkeratosis
• development in which malphigian layer undergo abnormal imperfect keratinization - dyskeratosis
• Intercellular edema of epidermis - spongiosis
• sharply circumscribed, flat, edematous elevation of skin - Wheal/ urticaria
• Discolored spot of skin, which is not elevated above skin - Macula
• Congenital lack of feather in fowl - apennosis
• Abscess of hair follicle - Furuncle/boil while inflammation of hair follicle - folliculitis
• Inflammation of sebaceous gland - Acne
• Clusture of boils situated close to each other - Carbuncle
• The wall of dermoid cyst contains skin appendages
• -Cyst of sweat gland - sudoriferous cyst

b. Mydriasis

• Dilation of pupil - mydriasis
• Constriction of pupil - Myiasis
• Condition in which eyelids, ciliary body, lens or iris may showing fissure or gaps in their continuity - Coloboma
• Condition in which both the eyelids are fused together - Ankyloblepharon
• Condition in which lens is small and spherical and lens may be opaque or transparent - Microphakia
• Condition in which there is only one eye due to fusion of two orbits - Cyclops
• The squint of the human being is known as strabismus
• condition in which lens becomes opaque - cataract
• Inflammation of eyelids - blepharitis
• abscess of the memobian gland - chalazion
• Adhesion between eyelids - Ankyloblepharon
• inflammation of orbit - orbital cellulitis
• union between the conjunctiva lining the eyelids - symblepharon
• sinking of the eyeball into the orbit - enophthalmos ]
• inflammation of lachrymal gland - dacryoadenitis
• condition in which vascular granulation tissue is found between the corneal epithelium and the Bowman’s membrane - Pannus
• Condition in which there is adhesion of the iris to the posterior surface of cornea - Anterior synechia
• Inflammation of iris and ciliary body - Iridocyclitis or Anterior uveitis