- Primary response that occurs on the 1st exposure to a specific antigen is characterized by a. Rapid appearance, more potency and longer duration b. Rapid appearance, weak potency and shorter duration c. Delay in appearance, weak potency and short duration d. Delay in appearance, more potency and longer duration
- Westergreen method is used for the determination of a. Hemoglobin b. Blood glucose c. E.S.R. d. R. B.C. count
- The factor which will not affect the healing by regeneration is a. The genera, family, order or phylum of animals b. The tissue or organ involved c. Nutritional status of animals d. The age of animals
- The thickness of the blood smears depends upon a. Size of the drop b. Angle of the spreader c. Both d. None
- The normal range of Hemoglobin in Cattle is: a. 10-16gm/100ml of blood b. 8-15gm/100ml of blood c. 4-10gm/100ml of blood d. 10-20gm/100ml of blood
- Pantropic viral infection may often cause …………… in peripheral circulation: a. Leucopenia b. Leukocytosis c. Both above d. Neutrophils
- More than the normal number of nuclear lobes in Neutrophils is called: a. Aged cell b. Shift to right c. Both a and b d. Shift to left
- Lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease of a. Human being b. Dog c. Both above d. Cattle
- The cells which form the 1st line of defense against tumor cells and virus infected cells are a. Macrophages b. B cell c. N K cells d. T cells
- Basophilic Stippling occurs in response to a. Anemia b. Leucopenia c. Leukemia d. Intense erythrogenesis
- The antigenic substance should have molecular weight: a. 5000 b. 7000 c. 6000 d. 8000 or high
- Polycythemia means which of the following: a. Increase in number of Blood cells b. Decrease in number of blood cells c. All d. None
- Anticoagulants is a. Sodium hydroxide b. Sodium Citrate c. Sodium tartarate d. None
- The type of antibodies involved in Arthus reactions are a. IgM b. IgA c. IgG and IgM d. IgE
- Which antibodies constitutes major share in normal Individuals: a. IgM b. IgA c. IgG d. IgE
- 1st change in the blood vessel during inflammation is a. Monentary constriction b. Vasodilation c. Increased endothelial permeability d. Any of above may occurs first
- Rigor mortis starts after………. hrs. after the death in the animals: a. 20 b. 14 c. 8 d. 16
- The normal range of TLC in horse is …………. per cubic mm: a. 4000- 10000 b. 6000-13000 c. 10000-20000 d. 9000- 13000
- Which chemical mediator of inflammation have origin from plasma: a. Histamine b. 5- hydroxytryptamine c. Prostaglandins d. None
- Fibrinous inflammation will be seen in a. Infectious feline enteritis b. Early stage of FMD c. Inhalation of dust or cold air d. Later stage of Corynebacterium Pyogenes infections
- The fluid cytoplasm outside the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is called: a. Exoplasm b. Hyaloplasm c. Karyoplasm d. Endoplasm
- Pathognomonic lesion is which of the following: a. Which indicates the cause of disease without doubt b. Which indicates the cause of disease with doubt c. Lesion which develops in chronic condition d. All
- Animal continues to suffer from the prolonged illness, known as: a. Recovery b. Death c. Both d. Invalidism
- Which breed of dog has high incidence of brain tumor: a. Boxer breed b. Cocher spanial c. Pomeranian d. All
- Nephritis occurs more in a. Male dog and male cattle b. Female Dog and female Cattle c. Male dog and female cattle d. Female Dog and male cattle
- Strangle occurs more in a. Young Horse b. old horse c. All age group d. Cattle
- Which breed is more susceptible to Infection? a. Jersey b. Holstein c. Rathi d. Guernsey
- Melanosarcoma common in which of the following: a. Brown and black Horse b. Brown and white horse c. Grey and black horse d. Grey and white horse
- In pregnancy toxaemia, fat content of liver becomes a. 3-4% b. 10-12% c. 200-300% d. 35 %
- Water sickness occurs due to a. Lack of water b. Excess water c. Excess protein d. Lack of protein
ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS
1.
c. (Delay in appearance, weak potency and short duration)
| Primary Immune Response | Secondary Immune Response |
| Refers to an immune response of immune system that includes the production of antibodies and cell- mediated immunity. | refers to the immune response of the immune system that occurs in response to subsequent exposure to a particular antigen |
| Occurs in response to the primary contact of antigen | occurs in response to second and subsequent exposure to same antigen |
| Naive B cells and T cells respond to the antigen | Memory B cells respond to the antigens |
| Lag Phase is long ( 4-7 days) | Lag phase is short ( 1-4 days) |
| Antibody level reaches it’s peak in 7 -10 days | Antibody level reaches it’s peak in 3-5 days |
| Take longer time to establish the immune response | Take short time to establish the immune response |
| A large amount of IgM and small amount of IgG are produced | Large amount of IgG, small amount of IgM, IgA and IgE are produced. |
| Only a few antibodies are produced | 100- 1000 times more antibodies are produced |
| Antibody level declines rapidly | Antibody level remains for a long a time |
| Antibody shows low affinity to their antigen | Antibody shows high affinity to their antigen |
| Appears mainly in lymph nodes and spleen | Appears mainly in bone marrow, then in spleen and lymph nodes |
| Both thyumus depedendent and thymus independent antibodies are involved. | Only thymus dependent antibodies are involved. |
2.
c. (E.S.R) (Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate)
Westergreen method is used for the determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate. It measures the rate at which the red blood cells or erythrocytes in a sample of whole blood, fall to the bottom of the Westergren tube. The falling is called Sedimentation. High ESR values indicates inflammations conditions.
Normal ESR values
| Species | ESR in mm |
| Cattle | 0-3 mm / 8 hrs. |
| Goat | 2-3 mm/24 hrs |
| Dog | 6-10 mm/hrs |
| Horse | 15-38mm/20 min |
| Pig | 0-6mm/30mins |
| Cat | 7-27mm/hrs |
3.
c. (Nutritional status of animals)
The factor which affect the healing by regeneration includes:
-The genera, family, order or phylum of animals
-The tissue or organ involved
The age of animals
4.
c. (Both )
The 3 things determines the thickness of the smear are:
-Size of the blood drop
-Angle of the spreader ( > angle = > thickness)
-Speed of spreading
Difference between thick and thin Blood smear
| Thick Smear | Thin Smear |
| Lysed RBC’s, many layer | Fixed RBC, single layer |
| large volume is needed | Small volume is needed |
| Good Screening test (Positive or negative) | Good species differentiation |
| Save time in examination | Requires more time to read |
| Low density infection can be detected as blood elements more concentrate. (More sensitive) | Low density infection can be missed. ( Less sensitive) |
5.
b. (8-15gm/100ml of blood)
Normal Hemoglobin level in Domestic Animals
| Animals | Hemoglobin level (gm/100ml) |
| Cattle | 11.23 (8-15 gm/100ml of blood) |
| Buffalo | 12.9 |
| Horse | 11.5 |
| Goat | 10.9 |
| Sheep | 14.4 |
| Pig | 11 |
| Dog | 13 |
| Cat | 12 |
6.
a. (Leucopenia)
Pantropic viral infection may often cause Leucopenia (Decrease in WBC) in peripheral circulation While localized pyogenic infections may increases the total leucocyte count.
7.
c. (Both a and b)
The majority of the neutrophils have 3 nuclear segments (lobes) connected by tapering chromatin strands.
-More than the normal number of nuclear lobes in Neutrophils, signifies shift to right (Aged cell) while less than the normal number of nuclear lobes in Neutrophils signifies shift to left (Immature neutrophils).
8.
c. (Both above)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), most common type of lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissue, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidney and blood vessels.
9.
c. (N K cells) or Natural - Killer Cell
The cells which form the first line of defense against Tumor cells and Virus infected cells - Natural -killer cells while the cells which forms the first line of defense against infection (Pathogen) is Neutrophils.
10.
d. (Intense erythrogenesis)
Basophilic stippling (precipitated strands of RNA), also known as punctate basophilia, is a presence of numerous basophilic granules that are dispersed through the cytoplasm of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood smear, indicative of disturbed erythropoiesis.
11.
d. 8000 or high
-The antigenic substance should have higher molecular weight (8000 or more)
Characteristics of Antigen:
Immunogenicity: Antigen or Immunogen has the property to elicit or induce detectable immune response
Antigenic specificity: Property of antigenic molecules to react with specific antibody.
Antigens are either protein or polysaccharides molecules
Note: Haptens are small molecules that cannot elicit an immune response alone, they elicit immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein.
12.
a. (Increase in number of Blood cells)
Increase in number of Blood cells - Polycythemia
Decrease in Number of Blood cells:
when there is decrease in number of RBC - Erythrocytopenia
when there is decrease in Number of WBC - Leucopenia
13.
b. (Sodium Citrate)
An anticoagulant is a chemical that used to prevent blood from clotting. Anti- coagulants are also used for blood thinning purpose.
EDTA (Ethylene- diamine Tetra acetic acid)
-Heparin
-Sodium Floride
-Sodium Citrate
-Double Oxalate
-ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)
-CPD(Citrate Phosphate Dextrose)
-CPDA (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine)
-CPDA with SAGM
| Factors | Name |
| I | Fibrinogen |
| II | Prothrombin |
| III | tissue factor, thromboplastin |
| IV | Calcium |
| v | Proaccelerin, Labile factor |
| VI | ........ |
| VII | Proconvertin, Stable factor |
| VIII | Antihemophilic factor |
| IX | Christmas factor |
| X | Stuart-Prowar factor |
| XI | Plasma thromboplastin antecedent |
| XII | Hageman factor |
| XIII | Fibrin -stabilizing factor, transglutaminase |
14.
c. (IgG and IgM)
The Type of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) involved in Arthus reaction (Type -3 hypersensitivity reactions (Immune-Complex Mediated hypersensitivity reaction) is IgG and IgM.
Arthus reaction is an acute, localized inflammatory immune- complex mediated response, characterized by erythema, edema, hemorrhage and necrosis of skin.
15.
c. (IgG)
Different Types of Immunoglobulins in body
| Characteristics | IgM | IgG | IgA Secretory | IgE Allergic and antiparasitic | IgD |
| Structure | Pentamer | Monomer | Dimer | Monomer | Monomer |
| Heavy Chain | Meu | Gamma | Alpha | Epsilon | Delta |
| Number of antigen binding sites | 10 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Molecular Weight (Dalton) | 900,000 | 150,000 | 385,000 | 200,000 | 180,000 |
| Percentage of total antibody in serum | 6% | 80% | 13% | 0.002% | 1% |
| Crosses Placenta | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Fixes Complement | Yes | yes | No | No | No |
| Fc binds to | Phagocyte | Mast cells and basophils |
16.
a. (Monentary constriction)
Following inflammation, steps occur as follows:
-Transient vasoconstrictions: Immediate vascular response of Arterioles
Persistent Progressive vasodilation: Seen mainly in arterioles, but lesser extent involves venules and capillaries. This vascular expansion is the cause of the redness (Erythema) and warmth
Increased vascular permeability
Retardation of blood flow and stasis
Leucocytes extravasation and phagocytosis
Fibrins formation
17.
c. (8)
In Actual, the Rigor mortis starts approximately 2 hrs. after death in the muscles of face, progresses to the limbs over the next few hrs., completing between 6 to 8 hrs. after death. Rigor mortis then stays for another 12 hrs. and then disappear.
-Algor Mortis starts approximately 30 mins after death and can continue for the first 48 hrs., but typically completed by 18 to 20 hrs. after death.
Livor Mortis starts 2 -4 hrs. after death, becomes blanchable upto 8-12 hrs. after death and fixed after 8-12hrs from time of death.
18.
b. (6000-13000/ mm3)
Normal values of Leucocytes in Domestic Animals
| Animals | Total leucocytes (10^3 /cubic mm) | Differential Leucocytes count (%) Immature Mature Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils Neutrophils | |||||
| Dog | 6-17 (11.5) | 0-3 (0.8) | 60-77 (70) | 12-30 (20) | 3-10 (5) | 2-10 (4) | Rare |
| Cat | 5.5-19.5(12.5) | 0-3(0.5) | 35-75 (59) | 20-55(32) | 1-4 (3) | 2-12(5) | Rare |
| Cow | 4-12(8) | 0-2 (0.5) | 15-45 (28) | 45-75(58) | 2-7 (4) | 2-20 (9) | 0-2 (0.5) |
| Sheep | 4-12(8) | RARE | 10-50 (30) | 40-75( 62) | 0-6 (2.5) | 0-10 (5) | 0-3 (0.5) |
| Goat | 4-13(9) | RARE | 30-48 (36) | 50-70 (56) | 0-4 (2.5) | 1-8 (5) | 0-1 (0.5) |
| Horse | 5.5-12.5(9) | 0-2 (0.5) | 30-65 (49) | 25-70 (44) | 1-7 (4) | 0-11 (4) | 0-3 (0.5) |
| Pig | 11-22(16) | 0-4(1) | 28-47 (37) | 39-82 (53) | 2-10 (5) | 1-11(3) | 0-2 (0.5) |
| Chicken | 20-30 | - | 25-30 | 55-60 | 10 | 3-8 | 1-4 |
19.
d. (None)
Various chemical mediators of Inflammation, their sources and actions
| Chemical Mediator of Inflammation | Source | Actions |
| Cell - Derived Sources | ||
| Histamine | Mast cells, Basophils, Platelets | Vasodilation, Increase vascular permeability, Endothelial activation |
| Serotonin | Platelets | Vasodilation and increase vascular permeability |
| Platelets activating factors | Leucocytes, Endothelial cells | Vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, leucocytes adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst |
| Prostaglandins | Mast cells, Leucocytes | Vasodilation, Pain and fever |
| Leukotriens | Mast cells, Leucocytes | Increase vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leucocyte adhesion and activation |
| Cytokines ( IL-1, TNF) | Macrophage, Lymphocyte, Mast cells | Local endothelial activation |
| Chemokines | Leucocytes, Activated macrophages | Chemotaxis, leucocyte activation |
| Reactive Oxygen species | Leucocytes | Microbial killing and tissue damage |
| Nitric Oxide | Endothelium, Macrophage | vascular smooth muscles relaxation, killing microbes |
| Complement | Plasma | leucocyte chemotaxis and activation, opsonization, vasodilation |
| Kinins | Plasma | vasodilation, pain, smooth muscles contraction, vascular permeability |
20.
a. (Infectious feline enteritis)
Fibrinous inflammation will be seen in case of Infectious feline enteritis.
Infectious feline enteritis (IFE) is a disease caused by infection with feline parvovirus, also known as feline panleukopenia virus.
21.
b. (Hyaloplasm)
-The fluid cytoplasm outside the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum - Hyaloplasm
Exoplasm and Endoplasm are two regions of the cytoplasm, where endoplasm is the inner, granule- rich dense part of cytoplasm of cell whereas ectoplasm is the outer, non- granulated, clear portion of cytoplasm.
Karyoplasm - Nucleoplasm
22.
a. (Which indicates the cause of disease without doubt)
Pathognomic lesions are those which indicates the cause of disease without doubt.
| Disease | Pathognomics lesions |
| FMD | Tiger Heart of Calves |
| Rinderpest | Zebra markings in Large Intestine |
| Swine fever | Turkey’s egg appearance of kidney; Button ulcer appearance in Caecum and colon; Infarcted spleen |
| Punched Out Ulcer in Abomasum | Theileriosis |
| Negri Bodies and Babe’s Nodules | Rabies |
23.
d. (Invalidism)
Animals continues to suffer from the prolonged illness, known as: Invalidism
-Example of Invalidism: Johnes disease and TB
24.
a. (Boxer breed)
Boxer breed of Dog has high incidence of Brain tumor.
Here, is the list of :
Common health Problems associated with different breeds of Dogs
| Breeds of Dog | Common Health Problems | Breeds of Dog | Common Health Problems |
| Siberian Husky | Autoimmune Disorder | Doberman | Heart Problems |
| Bull dog | Respiratory Problem | Cocker Spaniel | Ear infections |
| Pug | Eye Problems | Yorkshire Terrier | Porto systemic Shunt |
| German Shepherd | Hip Dysplasia | Golden retriever | Skin Allergy |
| Labrador | Obesity | Poodle | Glaucoma |
| Beagle | Epilepsy | Rottweiler | Joint Problems |
| Shih Tzu | Wobbly Kneecaps | Great dane | Bloat |
| Boxer | Cancer | Pomeranian | Hair problems |
| Dachshund | Back Problems | Chihuahua | Collapsing Trachea |
| Boston Terrier | Cherry Eye |
25.
c. (Male dog and female cattle)
Nephritis occurs more in male dog and female Cattle.
26.
a. (Young Horse)
Young Horses within age group 6 month to 36months are most susceptible to Strangles.
-Strangle (Equine Distemper; Infectious adenitis) is an acute infectious disease of equine characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract with suppuration and abscessation of the associated lymph nodes, caused by Streptococcus equi (Gram -positive bacteria).
| Strangle | Glander |
| Acute disease | Chronic disease |
| Nasal mucosa show imflammatory changes only | Nodules or Ulcer formed in Nasal mucosa |
| Lung lesions are not tubercle likes | Lung lesion are tubercle like |
| No ulcers on skin ( No farcy) | Ulcers on skin ( Farcy) |
| Pus material contains gram positive streptococcus equi | Pus material contains gram -ve Actinobacillus mallei |
27.
a. (Jersey)
Breed of cattle, more susceptible to infection - Jersey
Milk fever is common in Jersey cattle
-Ketosis is common in Guernsey cattle
Downer cow syndrome is common in Holsteins Friesian
28.
d. (Grey and white horse)
Melanosarcoma ( Cancer of melanocyte) is common in Grey and white horse.
29.
d. (35% )
In pregnancy toxemia, fat content of liver becomes 35% while in normal condition, fat content of liver is 3-4%.
Note: Pregnancy toxemia in sheep is ketosis while in cattle is fatty liver syndrome.
30.
b. (Excess water)
Water sickness occurs due to excess of water.
Salt Poisoning occurs due to Excess NaCl, common in Both Chick and Pig.