Primary response that occurs on the 1st exposure to a specific antigen is characterized by
c. Delay in appearance, weak potency and short duration
Primary Immune Response Secondary Immune Response Refers to an immune response of immune system that includes the production of antibodies and cell- mediated immunity. refers to the immune response of the immune system that occurs in response to subsequent exposure to a particular antigen Occurs in response to the primary contact of antigen occurs in response to second and subsequent exposure to same antigen Naive B cells and T cells respond to the antigen Memory B cells respond to the antigens Lag Phase is long ( 4-7 days) Lag phase is short ( 1-4 days) Antibody level reaches it’s peak in 7 -10 days Antibody level reaches it’s peak in 3-5 days Take longer time to establish the immune response Take short time to establish the immune response A large amount of IgM and small amount of IgG are produced Large amount of IgG, small amount of IgM, IgA and IgE are produced. Only a few antibodies are produced 100- 1000 times more antibodies are produced Antibody level declines rapidly Antibody level remains for a long a time Antibody shows low affinity to their antigen Antibody shows high affinity to their antigen Appears mainly in lymph nodes and spleen Appears mainly in bone marrow, then in spleen and lymph nodes Both thyumus depedendent and thymus independent antibodies are involved. Only thymus dependent antibodies are involved. Difference between Primary and Secondary Immune Response Westergreen method is used for the determination of
c. E.S.R) (Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate
- Westergreen method is used for the determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate. It measures the rate at which the red blood cells or erythrocytes in a sample of whole blood, fall to the bottom of the Westergren tube. The falling is called Sedimentation. High ESR values indicates inflammations conditions.
Normal ESR values
Species ESR in mm Cattle 0-3 mm / 8 hrs. Goat 2-3 mm/24 hrs Dog 6-10 mm/hrs Horse 15-38mm/20 min Pig 0-6mm/30mins Cat 7-27mm/hrs Normal ESR value of different Species of Animals The factor which will not affect the healing by regeneration is
c. Nutritional status of animals
- The factor which affect the healing by regeneration includes:
- -The genera, family, order or phylum of animals
- -The tissue or organ involved
- The age of animals
The thickness of the blood smears depends upon
c. Both
- The 3 things determines the thickness of the smear are:
- -Size of the blood drop
- -Angle of the spreader ( > angle = > thickness)
- -Speed of spreading
Difference between thick and thin Blood smear
Thick Smear Thin Smear Lysed RBC’s, many layer Fixed RBC, single layer large volume is needed Small volume is needed Good Screening test (Positive or negative) Good species differentiation Save time in examination Requires more time to read Low density infection can be detected as blood elements more concentrate. (More sensitive) Low density infection can be missed. ( Less sensitive) Difference Between thick and thin blood smear The normal range of Hemoglobin in Cattle is
b. 8-15gm/100ml of blood
Normal Hemoglobin level in Domestic Animals
Animals Hemoglobin level (gm/100ml) Cattle 11.23 (8-15 gm/100ml of blood) Buffalo 12.9 Horse 11.5 Goat 10.9 Sheep 14.4 Pig 11 Dog 13 Cat 12 Normal Hemoglobulin level of domestic Animals Pantropic viral infection may often cause …………… in peripheral circulation
a. Leucopenia
- Pantropic viral infection may often cause Leucopenia (Decrease in WBC) in peripheral circulation While localized pyogenic infections may increases the total leucocyte count.
More than the normal number of nuclear lobes in Neutrophils is called
c. Both a and b
- The majority of the neutrophils have 3 nuclear segments (lobes) connected by tapering chromatin strands.
- -More than the normal number of nuclear lobes in Neutrophils, signifies shift to right (Aged cell) while less than the normal number of nuclear lobes in Neutrophils signifies shift to left (Immature neutrophils).
Lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease of
c. Both above
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), most common type of lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissue, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidney and blood vessels.
The cells which form the 1st line of defense against tumor cells and virus infected cells are
c. N K cells) or Natural - Killer Cell
- The cells which form the first line of defense against Tumor cells and Virus infected cells - Natural -killer cells while the cells which forms the first line of defense against infection (Pathogen) is Neutrophils.
Basophilic Stippling occurs in response to
d. Intense erythrogenesis
- Basophilic stippling (precipitated strands of RNA), also known as punctate basophilia, is a presence of numerous basophilic granules that are dispersed through the cytoplasm of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood smear, indicative of disturbed erythropoiesis.
The antigenic substance should have molecular weight
d. 8000 or high
- -The antigenic substance should have higher molecular weight (8000 or more)
- Characteristics of Antigen:
- Immunogenicity: Antigen or Immunogen has the property to elicit or induce detectable immune response
- Antigenic specificity: Property of antigenic molecules to react with specific antibody.
- Antigens are either protein or polysaccharides molecules
- Note: Haptens are small molecules that cannot elicit an immune response alone, they elicit immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein.
Polycythemia means which of the following
a. Increase in number of Blood cells
- Increase in number of Blood cells - Polycythemia
- Decrease in Number of Blood cells:
- when there is decrease in number of RBC - Erythrocytopenia
- when there is decrease in Number of WBC - Leucopenia
Anticoagulants is
b. Sodium Citrate
- An anticoagulant is a chemical that used to prevent blood from clotting. Anti- coagulants are also used for blood thinning purpose.
- EDTA (Ethylene- diamine Tetra acetic acid)
- -Heparin
- -Sodium Floride
- -Sodium Citrate
- -Double Oxalate
- -ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)
- -CPD(Citrate Phosphate Dextrose)
- -CPDA (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine)
- -CPDA with SAGM
Factors Name I Fibrinogen II Prothrombin III tissue factor, thromboplastin IV Calcium v Proaccelerin, Labile factor VI ........ VII Proconvertin, Stable factor VIII Antihemophilic factor IX Christmas factor X Stuart-Prowar factor XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent XII Hageman factor XIII Fibrin -stabilizing factor, transglutaminase Different Clotting factors The type of antibodies involved in Arthus reactions are
c. IgG and IgM
- The Type of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) involved in Arthus reaction (Type -3 hypersensitivity reactions (Immune-Complex Mediated hypersensitivity reaction) is IgG and IgM.
- Arthus reaction is an acute, localized inflammatory immune- complex mediated response, characterized by erythema, edema, hemorrhage and necrosis of skin.
Which antibodies constitutes major share in normal Individuals
c. IgG
Different Types of Immunoglobulins in body
Characteristics IgM IgG IgA Secretory IgE Allergic and antiparasitic IgD Structure Pentamer Monomer Dimer Monomer Monomer Heavy Chain Meu Gamma Alpha Epsilon Delta Number of antigen binding sites 10 2 4 2 2 Molecular Weight (Dalton) 900,000 150,000 385,000 200,000 180,000 Percentage of total antibody in serum 6% 80% 13% 0.002% 1% Crosses Placenta No Yes No No No Fixes Complement Yes yes No No No Fc binds to Phagocyte Mast cells and basophils Different types of Immunoglobulins in Body 1st change in the blood vessel during inflammation is
a. Monentary constriction
- Following inflammation, steps occur as follows:
- -Transient vasoconstrictions: Immediate vascular response of Arterioles
- Persistent Progressive vasodilation: Seen mainly in arterioles, but lesser extent involves venules and capillaries. This vascular expansion is the cause of the redness (Erythema) and warmth
- Increased vascular permeability
- Retardation of blood flow and stasis
- Leucocytes extravasation and phagocytosis
- Fibrins formation
Rigor mortis starts after………. hrs. after the death in the animals
c. 8
- In Actual, the Rigor mortis starts approximately 2 hrs. after death in the muscles of face, progresses to the limbs over the next few hrs., completing between 6 to 8 hrs. after death. Rigor mortis then stays for another 12 hrs. and then disappear.
- -Algor Mortis starts approximately 30 mins after death and can continue for the first 48 hrs., but typically completed by 18 to 20 hrs. after death.
- Livor Mortis starts 2 -4 hrs. after death, becomes blanchable upto 8-12 hrs. after death and fixed after 8-12hrs from time of death.
The normal range of TLC in horse is …………. per cubic mm
b. 6000-13000/ mm3
Normal values of Leucocytes in Domestic Animals
Animals Total leucocytes (10^3 /cubic mm) Differential Leucocytes count (%)
Immature Mature Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils NeutrophilsDog 6-17 (11.5) 0-3 (0.8) 60-77 (70) 12-30 (20) 3-10 (5) 2-10 (4) Rare Cat 5.5-19.5(12.5) 0-3(0.5) 35-75 (59) 20-55(32) 1-4 (3) 2-12(5) Rare Cow 4-12(8) 0-2 (0.5) 15-45 (28) 45-75(58) 2-7 (4) 2-20 (9) 0-2 (0.5) Sheep 4-12(8) RARE 10-50 (30) 40-75( 62) 0-6 (2.5) 0-10 (5) 0-3 (0.5) Goat 4-13(9) RARE 30-48 (36) 50-70 (56) 0-4 (2.5) 1-8 (5) 0-1 (0.5) Horse 5.5-12.5(9) 0-2 (0.5) 30-65 (49) 25-70 (44) 1-7 (4) 0-11 (4) 0-3 (0.5) Pig 11-22(16) 0-4(1) 28-47 (37) 39-82 (53) 2-10 (5) 1-11(3) 0-2 (0.5) Chicken 20-30 - 25-30 55-60 10 3-8 1-4 Characteristics of Leucocytes of Different Animals Which chemical mediator of inflammation have origin from plasma
d. None
Various chemical mediators of Inflammation, their sources and actions
Chemical Mediator of Inflammation Source Actions Cell - Derived Sources Histamine Mast cells, Basophils, Platelets Vasodilation, Increase vascular permeability, Endothelial activation Serotonin Platelets Vasodilation and increase vascular permeability Platelets activating factors Leucocytes, Endothelial cells Vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, leucocytes adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst Prostaglandins Mast cells, Leucocytes Vasodilation, Pain and fever Leukotriens Mast cells, Leucocytes Increase vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leucocyte adhesion and activation Cytokines ( IL-1, TNF) Macrophage, Lymphocyte, Mast cells Local endothelial activation Chemokines Leucocytes, Activated macrophages Chemotaxis, leucocyte activation Reactive Oxygen species Leucocytes Microbial killing and tissue damage Nitric Oxide Endothelium, Macrophage vascular smooth muscles relaxation, killing microbes Complement Plasma leucocyte chemotaxis and activation, opsonization, vasodilation Kinins Plasma vasodilation, pain, smooth muscles contraction, vascular permeability Various chemical mediator of inflammation, their source and Actions Fibrinous inflammation will be seen in
a. Infectious feline enteritis
- Fibrinous inflammation will be seen in case of Infectious feline enteritis.
- Infectious feline enteritis (IFE) is a disease caused by infection with feline parvovirus, also known as feline panleukopenia virus.
The fluid cytoplasm outside the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is called
b. Hyaloplasm
- -The fluid cytoplasm outside the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum - Hyaloplasm
- Exoplasm and Endoplasm are two regions of the cytoplasm, where endoplasm is the inner, granule- rich dense part of cytoplasm of cell whereas ectoplasm is the outer, non- granulated, clear portion of cytoplasm.
- Karyoplasm - Nucleoplasm
Pathognomonic lesion is which of the following
a. Which indicates the cause of disease without doubt
- Pathognomic lesions are those which indicates the cause of disease without doubt.
Disease Pathognomics lesions FMD Tiger Heart of Calves Rinderpest Zebra markings in Large Intestine Swine fever Turkey’s egg appearance of kidney; Button ulcer appearance in Caecum and colon; Infarcted spleen Punched Out Ulcer in Abomasum Theileriosis Negri Bodies and Babe’s Nodules Rabies Important Disease with their pathognomies lesion Animal continues to suffer from the prolonged illness, known as
d. Invalidism
- Animals continues to suffer from the prolonged illness, known as: Invalidism
- -Example of Invalidism: Johnes disease and TB
Which breed of dog has high incidence of brain tumor
a. Boxer breed
- Boxer breed of Dog has high incidence of Brain tumor.
- Here, is the list of :
Common health Problems associated with different breeds of Dogs
Breeds of Dog Common Health Problems Breeds of Dog Common Health Problems Siberian Husky Autoimmune Disorder Doberman Heart Problems Bull dog Respiratory Problem Cocker Spaniel Ear infections Pug Eye Problems Yorkshire Terrier Porto systemic Shunt German Shepherd Hip Dysplasia Golden retriever Skin Allergy Labrador Obesity Poodle Glaucoma Beagle Epilepsy Rottweiler Joint Problems Shih Tzu Wobbly Kneecaps Great dane Bloat Boxer Cancer Pomeranian Hair problems Dachshund Back Problems Chihuahua Collapsing Trachea Boston Terrier Cherry Eye Common health problems of different Breed of Dogs Nephritis occurs more in
c. Male dog and female cattle
- Nephritis occurs more in male dog and female Cattle.
Strangle occurs more in
a. Young Horse
- Young Horses within age group 6 month to 36months are most susceptible to Strangles.
- -Strangle (Equine Distemper; Infectious adenitis) is an acute infectious disease of equine characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract with suppuration and abscessation of the associated lymph nodes, caused by Streptococcus equi (Gram -positive bacteria).
Strangle Glander Acute disease Chronic disease Nasal mucosa show imflammatory changes only Nodules or Ulcer formed in Nasal mucosa Lung lesions are not tubercle likes Lung lesion are tubercle like No ulcers on skin ( No farcy) Ulcers on skin ( Farcy) Pus material contains gram positive streptococcus equi Pus material contains gram -ve Actinobacillus mallei Difference Between Strangle and Glanders
Which breed is more susceptible to Infection?
a. Jersey
- Breed of cattle, more susceptible to infection - Jersey
- Milk fever is common in Jersey cattle
- -Ketosis is common in Guernsey cattle
- Downer cow syndrome is common in Holsteins Friesian
Melanosarcoma common in which of the following
d. Grey and white horse
- Melanosarcoma ( Cancer of melanocyte) is common in Grey and white horse.
In pregnancy toxaemia, fat content of liver becomes
d. 35%
- In pregnancy toxemia, fat content of liver becomes 35% while in normal condition, fat content of liver is 3-4%.
- Note: Pregnancy toxemia in sheep is ketosis while in cattle is fatty liver syndrome.
Water sickness occurs due to
b. Excess water
- Water sickness occurs due to excess of water.
- Salt Poisoning occurs due to Excess NaCl, common in Both Chick and Pig.