Dermatitis may be produced by the action of sunlight on certain photodynamic substances that may be present in skin is known as
b. Photosensitization
- Dermatitis may be produced by the action of sunlight on certain photodynamic substances that may be present in skin, known as Photosensitization
- Frost Bite: Injury caused by freezing of skin
Fat in the cells and tissues are usually stained by
d. All
- Fat in the cells and tissue are usually stained by:
- Osmic acid: Crystalline oxide of osmium that is volatile, caustic and strong oxidizing agents, used as stain for Neutral fat and myelin and as a general fixative for electron microscopy.
- Sudan III and IV:: Sudan III is Lysochrome diazo dye, structurally related to azobenzene, used for lipid staining. Sudan IV, also called Scarlet red and fat Ponceau R, fat soluble dye, used for staining triglyceride, lipids and lipoprotein present in cells and tissue.
- Oil red ‘O’: Lysochrome diazodye used for staining of neutral triglycerides and lipid on frozen sections and some lipoproteins on paraffin sections.
Presence of fat on the ventricular endocardium gives it a speckled appearance and it is called
a. Fatty infiltration
- Presence of fat on the ventricular endocardium gives it a speckled (Small spot or patch) appearance - fatty infiltration
- The Accumulation of fat globules within cells of an organ, such as liver or heart resulting in deterioration of tissue and diminished functioning of affected organ - Fatty degeneration
- A condition of heart in which the inner surface of ventricular wall and papillary muscles are streaked and spotted seen in marked case of fatty degeneration - Thrush breast heart
In Xanthomas, the macrophage are laden with
c. Cholesterol
- In Xanthomas, the macrophages are laden with Cholesterol.
- Xanthomas is a skin condition in which certain fats, build up under surface of skin. These are raised, waxy appearing yellowish colored skin lesion, associated with underlying cholesterol abnormality.
To demonstrate glycogen, tissue must be preserved in the
d. Absolute alcohol
- To demonstrate glycogen, tissue must be preserved in the absolute alcohol.
Deposition of carbon particles in lung is referred as
c. Anthracosis
- Deposition of carbon particle in lung - Anthracosis
- Deposition of silicon in lung - Silicosis
- Deposition of Iron in Lung - Siderosis
- Deposition of Dust particles in lung - Pneumoconiosis
……………. is the most common disturbance of cell metabolism and is the first reaction of cell to injury
d. Albuminous degeneration
- Albuminous Degeneration is the most common disturbance of cell metabolism and is the first reaction of cell to injury.
Brain sand is a ……….. type of hyaline change
b. Cellular hyaline
- Brain sand is a cellular hyaline type of hyaline change
- Pineal gland contains characteristic, extracellular concretions ( consists of calcium phosphates and carbonates in an organic matrix, which is deposited in concentric layers), called Corpora arenacea or brain sand.
Main target organ in Aflatoxicosis is
a. Liver
- Main target organ in Aflatoxicosis is Liver.
- Aflatoxicosis, Ochratoxicosis and trichothecene mycotoxicosis are the most commonly seen mycotoxicosis seen in poultry.
- Aflatoxin is most common, and highly toxic mycotoxins produced by fungus Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium puberulum.
- Aflatoxins species: B1, B2, G1 and G2, out of which B1 is most toxic.
- Ochratoxicosis is mycotoxicosis caused by ochratoxins of fungus Aspergillus ochraceus, 3 times more harmful than aflatoxin B1, majorly affect kidney. There are four types of Ochratoxins, A, B, C , D, out of which A is more toxic.
- Trichothecene mycotoxicosis is mycotoxicosis caused by Trichothecene toxin includes T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, Nivalenol, Deoxynivalenol etc., produced by Fusarium fungus. Mainly causes immunosuppression.
In ICH, inclusion body is found in hepatocytes in location of
b. Nucleus
- In ICH, inclusion body is found in hepatocytes in location of Nucleus.
- Inclusion Bodies: Abnormal or foreign cell/structure within a cell.
- Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies: Negri bodies ( Rabies), Guarnieri bodies ( Small pox), Paschen bodies ( Small pox), Bollinger bodies ( Fowl pox), Borrel bodies ( Fowl pox)
- Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies: Herpes, Polio Varicella zoster virus, Yellow fever
- Basophilic Intranuclear inclusion bodies: Adeno virus
- Both Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, found in Canine Distemper, Measles.
In Rabies, Brain lesion reveals
b. Non- Suppurative encephalitis
- In Rabies, Non- Suppurative Encephalitis is seen in Brain ( Gasserian ganglion, Hippocampus, Medulla oblongata, Cerebellum etc.) Impression smears made from these structures, when stained with Seller stain, Negri’s bodies are found.
Farcy is
b. Cutaneous form of Glander
- Glander ( Farcy, Malleus), highly contagious chronic disease of animals, characterized by formation of nodules and ulcers in upper respiratory tract, lungs and Cutaneous tissues, Caused by Gram- negative bacteria, Actinobacillus mallei.
- Actinomycosis (Lumpy jaw),Chronic infectious disease, caused by Actinomyces bovis characterized by rarefying osteomyelitis of bone of skull in cattle and in pig by tumor like enlargement of mammary gland and in horse involvement of bursa of ligamentum nuchae.
- Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia ( CBPP) is an acute, sub - acute, clinically inapparent, or chronic disease characterized by formation of massive pathological changes ( marked edema of interlobular septum, diffused pneumonia and serofibrinous pleuritis) in thoracic organs specially lungs and pleura, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides.
Nasal Polyps are caused by
c. Rhinosporidium seebere
- Nasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of nasal passages or sinus, hang down like teardrops or grapes, result from chronic inflammation and are associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity or certain immune disorders and Rhinosporidium seebere infection.
Summer Mastitis is caused by
c. Corynebacterium pyogens
- Summer Mastitis is caused by Corynebacterium pyogens.
- Cold mastitis is caused by Leptospira spp.
- Environmental mastitis is caused by E.coli, Streptococcus dysgalactia, Streptococcus uberis etc.
- Contagious mastitis is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia etc.
In Pox, there is
d. Acanthosis, Parakeratosis and Hyperkeratosis
- Pox disease is viral disease caused by Orthopox ( Cow and Buffalo pox), Capripox ( Goat pox and sheep pox), Suipox ( Swine Pox) virus of family Pox viridae, characterized by Acanthosis ( Skin disorder that cause dark discoloration of skin), Parakeratosis ( It is a condition where skin cells get nucleated during keratinization) and hyperkeratosis ( It is condition where there is increased expression of keratin in skin cell).
Difference between Parakeratosis and Hyperkeratosis
Hyperkeratosis Parakeratosis It is condition where there is increased expression of keratin in the skin cells It is condition where skin cells are nucleated during Keratinization Expression of keratin is increased Expression of keratin - no Change Normal Nuclei Presence of abnormal Nuclei Malignancy - Not present Malignancy - present No inflammatory response Inflammatory response is present Difference between Hyperkeratosis and Parakeratosis Diabetes insipidus is under the influence of hormone released from
b. Posterior pituitary
- ADH ( Antidiuretic hormones) secreted by Hypothalamus, released from Posterior Pituitary gland, acts on collecting duct of nephron of kidney, regulates water reabsorption and balance, whose deficiency leads to the Diabetes Insipidus ( polydipsia, Polyuria and Polyphagia).
Metaplasia of esophageal gland in poultry occurs due to the deficiency of
a. Vit-A
- Metaplasia of Oesophageal glands in poultry occurs due to deficiency of Vit -A.
Deficiency Diseases of Poultry
Vitamins and Minerals Deficiency Disease Vitamin A ( Retinol) Nutritional roup Vitamin D ( Ergosterol) Rickets Vitamin E ( Alpha- tocopherol) Encephalomalacia ( Crazy Chick Disease) Vitamin K ( Menadione) Subcutaneous hemorrhagic blemish Vitamin B1 ( Thiamine) Polyneuritis ( Star gazing) Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin) Curled Toe paralysis, Clubbed down condition Vitamin B3 ( Pantothenic acid) Chick dermatitis Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxine) Hyperexitability Vitamin B12 ( Cyanocobalamine) Pernicious anemia Folacin Macrocytic Anemia Biotin Cracked feet Sodium Chloride Cannibalism Choline or Manganese Perosis ( Slipped tendon) Vitamin and mineral along with their deficiency disease Local dilation of Artery is known as
a. Aneurysm
- Local dilation of Artery - Aneurysm
- Inflammation of Artery - Arteritis
- A common condition that develops when a sticky substance, called plaque builds up inside artery. It’s a medical disorder that damages lumen of arteries by plaque deposition. - Atherosclerosis
- Arteriosclerosis is a disease that block the wall of arteries due to thickening of wall of vessel, occurs due to aging.
Spirocerca lupi may form ……………. in the esophagus
b. Granulomatous lesion
- Spirocerca lupi, Oesophageal worm, bright red worm, long, generally located within nodules in esophagus, gastric or aortic wall. Dogs get infection by eating an intermediate host ( Dung Beetle),or transport host ( Chicken, reptiles rodents). Lesions associated with Spirocerca infections are aneurysms of thoracic aorta, reactive granulomas of variable size around worm in esophagus.
- Note: Dentigerous cyst are common type of odontogenic cysts ( Fluid - filled sac that develops in jaw bone over a tooth that has not erupted yet.
80 degree or more rotation of the intestine on the long axis of mesentery is called
a. Torsion
- Intestinal torsion is the twisting of the bowel on it’s longitudinal axis, causing luminal obstruction while Intestinal volvulus is twisting of the bowel on it’s mesenteric axis.
- Intussusception: Inversion of one portion of intestine within another.
Glycogen infiltration occurs due to disturbance in ……….. metabolism
d. Carbohydrate
- Glycogen infiltration occurs due to disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism.
Degenerative changes due to following Disturbance:
- Protein metabolism -Cloudy swelling or parenchymatous/albuminous degeneration, Hydropic degeneration, hyaline degeneration, mucinous degeneration, Amyloid infiltration, Fibrinoid degeneration
- Carbohydrate metabolism - Glycogen infiltration
- Fat metabolism- fatty degeneration, fatty infiltration, obesity
Inflammation of tongue is known as
a. Glossitis
Anatomical Terminologies of Inflammation
Organ Term Organ Term Bile duct Cholangitis Lymph node Lymphadenitis Gall Bladder Cholecystitis Lymph vessel Lymphangitis Bone Osteitis Mouth Stomatitis Bone marrow Osteomyelitis Ovary Oophoritis Brain Encephalitis Oviduct salpingitis Caecum Typhlitis Prepuce posthitis Cornea Keratitis Renal pelvis pyelitis Eyelid Blepharitis Salivary gland Sialadenitis fat steatitis Spermatic cord Funiculitis Glans penis balanitis Spinal nerve root radiculitis Lacrymal gland Dacryoadenitis uterus metritis ligament Desmitis vein phlebitis Lips Cheilitis Vertebra Spondylitis Crop Ingluvitis rectum Proctitis Organs with their inflammation terminology A malignant tumor of endothelium of blood vessel is known as
b. Angiosarcoma
Classification of Tumor
Tissue Benign Malignant Squamous epithelium Papilloma Squamous cell carcinoma Glandular epithelium Adenoma Adenosarcoma Fibrous tissue or Connective tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma Fat cells Lipoma Liposarcoma Cartilage cell Chondroma Chrondrosarcoma Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma Smooth muscles Leiomyoma Leimyosarcoma Striated muscles Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Blood vessel Angioma Angiosarcoma Lymphoid tissue Lymphoma Lymphosarcoma Classification of Tumors Melena is the presence of blood in …
- b. (Stool)
- Epistaxis - blood from nose
- Hematemesis - Blood in Vomit
- Hemoptysis- Blood in sputum
- Enterorrhagia- Bleeding from intestine
- Hematuria- Blood in Urine
- Hemothorax- Blood in the thoracic cavity
- Hemopericardium- Blood in the pericardium
- Hemosalpinx - Bleeding in Oviducts
Immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis does not occurs in
d. Canine Distemper
- Except Canine Distemper, all diseases in options, Chronic Hog cholera, Aleutian disease and Equine Infectious anemia, immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis i.e., Immune complex (Antigen - antibody complex) formed during these disease causes inflammatory response in Glomerulus i.e., Glomerulonephritis.
- Note: Aleutian disease, also known as mink plasmacytosis, is a disease which causes spontaneous abortion and death in mink and ferrets, caused by Carnivore amdoparvovirus 1
Principle Immunoglobulin associated with delayed hypersensitivity reaction is
d. None
- Type IV (Delayed type) hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by Cellular response.
- Type - I hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies
- Type -II hypersensitivity reaction (Cytotoxic reaction) mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies
- Type -III hypersensitivity reaction mediated by immune complex
- Type -IV hypersensitivity (delayed type) mediated by cellular response.
Accumulation of edema fluid in the abdominal cavity is called
a. Coxitis
- Coxitis is the inflammation of hip joint.
- Gonitis is the inflammation of knee joint
- Spavin is the degenerative, non- septic arthritis of hock joint, characterized by appearance of three characteristic swelling.
- omarthritis: inflammation of shoulder joint.
- Carpitis/Popped knee: Inflammation of carpal joint.
- Quittor: Purulent inflammation of collateral cartilage of coffin joint.
- Pedal osteitis: Inflammation of III phalanx
Movement of cells from axial stream to wall of the vessel is known as
a. Ascites
- Accumulation of edema fluid in the abdominal cavity - Ascites
- Generalized accumulation of serous fluid in the interstitial space of whole body - Anasarca
- Inflammation of Peritoneum - Peritonitis
Removal of the dead neurons by microglial and oligodendroglial cells is known as
d. Both b and c
- -Movement of cells from axial stream to wall of the vessel is known as Reversed axial flow ( Inflammed vessel)