Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Anatomy and Histology (Part-7)

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

1.

a. (Anconean)
-The cranial border of the ulna bears a pointed beak like projection which hangs over its articular notch is called Anconean process. This anconean process along with semilunar notch is inserted into the olecranon fossa of Humerus during extension of limb.
-Acromian process: The spine present on lateral surface of scapula has terminated below into a pointed projection, known as acromian process. Acromian process is directed downward and forward in case of cattle; Acromian process is absent in case of horse; Acromian process is short and blunt and extended to the level of glenoid cavity in dog; Acromian process is rudimentary in case of pig; Acromian process is broad and continued backward in the form of a projection, known as metacromian process in case of rabbit. Acromian process is pointed finger like and and at true level of glenoid cavity of animal in case of Camel.

Things to remember

• Glenoid cavity of camel is extensive and circular.
• Inferior ischiatic spine present in horse while lesser sciatic notch is absent in dog.
• Obturator foramina is triangular in outline in dog while oval and longer in horse.
• Deltoid tuberosity is present on humerus; Styloid process is present on Ulna.
• Trochanter tertius is present on femur; Fovea capitis is present on head of femur.
• Olecranon process is present on ulna; Bicipital groove is present in humerus.
• Nutrient foramina in os coxae are situated on medial border at greater sciatic notch in camel while nutrient foramina of tibia are near the popliteal line in horse.
• Trochanteric ridge is absent in femur of camel; supra condyloid fossa and trochanter tertius is absent in dog.
• Shaft of fibula reach about middle of tibia in horse; Lateral and medial malleolus and popliteal line is related to tibia; Longest bone of fowl body skeleton - tibiotarsus.
• Patella is elongated and triangular in camel, wide and thin in fowl, long and narrow in dog.

2.

b. (Rabies)

Gross lesion of CD:

Nasal and pharyngeal mucosa - purulent cataharral exudate, lung-bronchopneumonia, skin- vesicular pustular dermatitis, foot pad - Extensive proliferation of the keratin layer of epidermis
Microscopic: Demyelination, hemorrhage, edema; lung -multinucleated giant cells

Gross lesion of Rabies:

Negri bodies is present in the hippocampus of Carnivores and purkinjee cells of Herbivores. Presence of Babes Nodules - Rabies.

3.

c. (Both a and b)
In fowl, four of the thoracic vertebra fuses to form a single bone, which is called as Notarium or Os- Dorsale, helps brace the chest against the forces generated by the wings.

4.

a. (Horse)
-The intertransverse articulation between the last 2 lumbar vertebra is found in Horse.

Lumbar vertebra:

• Lumbar vertebra with their body and long transverse process forms bony roof of the abdomen.
• In fowl, lumbar bone fused with sacrum to form synsacrum. Lumbar vertebra has following features:
• Transverse process -long and in the form of bony plate, inclined cranially.
• Transverse process of 1st lumbar vertebra - shortest and last lumbar - narrow
• Neural rings upto 3rd are round and then gradually become triangular.

5.

b. (Poultry)

• Columella is a bone present in the ear of Poultry.
• In the auditory system, the columella contributes to hearing in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. The Columella form thin, bony structure in the interior of the skull and serve the purpose of transmitting sounds from the eardrum.
• It is an evolutionary homolog of the stapes.

6.

b. (Proctodeum)
-The bursa consists of a number of lymphoid lobules and crypt like folds surrounding a lumen, which is enclosed in a thin layer of stratified squamous epithelium. This lumen opens into the proctodeum.

Note:

• The cloaca is divided into 3 main sections:
• The coprodeum: collects the fecal matter from the colon.
• The Urodeum: collects the urine directly from the ureters
• The Proctodeum is the third, distal section of avian cloaca, where the bursa of Fabricus opens.

7.

b. (Right)
-In bird, nonfunctional ovary is right.
-In the birds, there is only one ovary and one oviduct. The right set undergoes degenerations in early life and the left set persist throughout the life. The ovary is situated at the upper part of the abdominal cavity below last 2 ribs. In mature stage, it is in the form of a bunch of grapes. A number of follicles of various size are attached to it by a small stalk.

8.

d. (None)

• Brachioplexus originates from nerve root C5 to T1. They consist of roots, trunks, division and cords.
• There are five major nerves arises from Brachial plexus.
• Musculo- cutaneous nerve arises from lateral cord (C5 to C7 nerve root)
• Radial and axillary nerve from Posterior cord.
• Ulnar nerve from medial cord
• When medial cord joins the lateral cord, get median nerve. Median nerve gets nerve fibres from all of the nerve root ( C5 to T1).

9.

d. (Fowl)
The surface of the cerebral hemisphere presents a number of irregular convolutions, known as gyri and these gyri are separated by depression or furrow, known as sulci. But cerebral hemisphere of fowl devoid of sulci and gyri.

10.

a. (Frontal bone)
-Horn of animal is formed by Frontal bone.
- A horn is a permanent pointed projection on the head of animals consists of a covering of keratin and other protein surrounding the core of a live bone.

11.

d. (Teres tuberosity)
-The tendon of latissimus dorsi are attached to Teres tuberosity of Humerus

Latissimus Dorsi

• Latissimus dorsi is very wide and thin muscles spread at the Dorso- lateral aspect of thorax, helps in flexing the shoulder.
• Origin: Lumbar and dorsal spines
• Insertion: Teres tuberosity of humerus
• Blood supply by thoracodorsal branch of subscapular artery, intercostal and lumbar arteries
• Nerve supply by: Thoracodorsal branch from brachial plexus

12.

a. (7)
Sternum of Ox, Horse consists of 7 sternebrae while sternum of dog consists of 8 sternebrae and sternum of pig consist of 6 sternebrae.

Some facts related to Sternum:

• Sternum is a long plate of osteo- cartilaginous structure located at the midline of the floor of thoracic cavity.
• Sternum, known as breastbone
• Cranial end of sternum or manubrium is formed by 1st sternae while the caudal extremity is formed by xiphoid cartilage.
• sternum of fowl - keel bone

13

b. (Mastication)
Pterygoideus medialis is the most powerful muscle of Swallowing in the Ox.

Muscles of Mastication: (M3T2DL)

• Masseter
• Lateral Pterygoid
• Medial pterygoid
• Temporal
• Temporalis
• Digastric
• Mylohyoid

14

a. (Greater)
-The lamina omasi spring from the greater curvature of the omasum in the ox.

15

b. (Visceral)

• The left kidney in the ox is related to visceral surface of the rumen.
• Rumen is big muscular elongated sac, placed in the abdominal cavity from the level of the 8th rib to the pelvic inlet, occupies most of the part of left half and a small part of right half of abdominal cavity.
• Rumen has 2 surfaces, 2 curvatures and 2 ends.
• The parietal (left) surface is convex and related to left abdominal wall, diaphragm and spleen, present left longitudinal groove.
• The visceral surface is related to number of structures such as omasum, abomasum, liver, intestine, pancreas, left kidney, adrenal gland, aorta, posterior vena cava etc.

16

b. (Diaphragm)

• Spleen is a hemo- lymph organ, situated obliquely downward and forward direction in the upper end and left part of the abdomen between the left face of the rumen and diaphragm. It has 2 surfaces, 2 ends and 2 borders:
• 2 surfaces:
• -Parietal surface- convex and related to diaphragm
• -visceral surface - concave and related to left surface of rumen.

17.

a. (Mammary)

• The external pudic artery in the cow is commonly called Mammary artery.
• In the Cow, the udder receive blood from the mammary artery, arises from the external pudental artery.

18.

c. (Both a and b)

• The Caecum of the horse is characterized by presence of both - Longitudinal bands and Saccule.
  Caecum of Horse is very big comma shaped sac having a base body and apex having capacity about 30 litres and length is about 1.2 m, extends in a curved manner from the sub lumbar region to the xiphoid cartilage along the abdominal floor.
• It has four longitudinal bands and four rows of Sacculation.
• Both the ileocecal and cecocolic orifices are situated in the lesser curvature at the base.

19.

c. (Horse)

• Third Eyelid is fully developed in Horse.
• Third Eyelid or Nictating Membrane: Piece of thin T shaped cartilage enveloped by a fold of Conjunctiva, situated at the medial angle of eye. The base of the third eyelid remains surrounded by glandular tissue, called Harder’s gland or Nictating gland and the secretion of this gland is similar to that of Lachrymal gland.
• In case of birds, this membrane is thin, semi- transparent, elastic and without any cartilage, attached to inner angle of the eye and highly movable across the surface of the eye.

20.

b. (Saccus caecus)
The left extremity of the horse stomach has the form of a rounded cul- de- sac termed the saccus caecus. The saccus caecus is the region located at the entrance of the stomach and the Oesophagus.
Saccus entericus or intestinal juice is the secretions produced by intestinal glands (Crypts of Lieberkühn) in duodenum.

21.

b. (Pars Longa glandis)
In male dog, the glans penis consists of two parts, called the bulbus glandis and the pars longa glandis.
Pars longa glandis is the cylindrical anterior part of the penis in the dog while the bulbus glandis is bulk posterior part of the penis.

22.

a. (Radial Nerve)
The entire group of Extensor muscle of arm (Extensor carpi radialis; Extensor carpi obliquus; Medial digital extensor; Common digital extensor; lateral digital extensor) in the ox is innervated by the nerve- Radial nerve

Group of Flexor nerve:

• Pronator teres - Branch of median nerve
• Flexor carpi radialis - branch of median nerve
• Flexor carpi ulnaris- Branch of ulnar and median nerve
• Ulnaris lateralis -Branch of Radial nerve
• Superficial digital flexor - Branch of ulnar and median nerve
• Deep digital flexor - Branch of median and ulnar nerve

23

a. (Accessory) The flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnaris lateralis muscles are inserted on the Accessory carpal bone.

Muscles of Forearm

Extensor muscles:
a. Extensor carpi radialis: origin- crest of lateral condyle and coronoid fossa; insertion- Metacarpal tuberosity
b. Extensor carpi obliquus: Antero lateral surface of radius and lateral border of ulna; Insertion- Upper end of Metacarpal bone at the postero -medial aspects.
c. Medial digital extensor: Origin- Coronoid fossa of humerus; Insertion -2nd and 3rd phalanges of medial digits
d. Common digital extensor: Origin-lateral epicondyle of humerus and lateral border of ulna; Insertion -Extensor process of the concerned third phalanx
e. Lateral digital extensor: Origin- lateral aspect of proximal end of radius and lateral surface of radius and ulna; Insertion- 2nd and 3rd phalanx of lateral digits
Flexor muscles:
a. Pronator teres: Origin- medial condyle of humerus; Insertion -upper third of medial surface of radius
b. Flexor carpi radialis: Origin: Medial condyle of humerus; Insertion: on the nodule at the posterior aspect of proximal extremity of large metacarpal bone.
c. Flexor carpi ulnaris: Origins- there are 2 origins (medial condyle of humerus and medial aspects of olecranon process of ulna) Insertion- Accessory carpal bone
d. Ulnaris lateralis: Origin- Lateral condyle of humerus; Insertion -Accessory carpal
e. Superficial digital flexor: Origin- Medial condyle of humerus; Insertion - 2nd phalanx
f. Deep digital flexor: Origin - 3 origins (olecranon process of ulna, medial condyle of humerus and posterior surface of radius) Insertion- 3rd phalanx

24

a. (Radial)
The medial deep volar metacarpal artery is the continuation of the radial artery in the Ox.

• Medial artery is the continuation of the brachial artery after it detaches the interosseous artery, then it passes downward along the posteromedial aspect of radius along with median nerve and divides into Radial and Ulnar arteries.
• Radial artery goes along the posteromedial aspect of the radius and reach the posterior surface of the carpus and continues as volar medial metacarpal artery.
• Ulnar artery - main continuation of median artery, descends down and ultimately forms volar common digital artery, which divides into 2 volar proper digital arteries at the level of distal part of 1st phalanx.

25.

a. (Deep)
The internal pudic artery ( one of terminal branch of internal iliac artery) in Ox divides into branches: i. Dorsal artery and deep artery of the penis in male.
In female, internal pudic artery after providing muscular and rectal branches, supplies to vagina, vestibule and vulva. Its terminal continuation passes beyond ischial arch and ramifies in the clitoris.

26.

a. (Lacrymal ducts)
The puncta lacrimale are entrance of the two lacrymal ducts.
The puncta larimale is a small hole in the eyelids that drains tears to the nose.

27

a. (Right)
Pancrea of Ox
The pancreas in Ox is irregularly quadrilateral in the form and lies almost entirely to the right side of the median plane.
Pancrea of Horse
Roughly triangular in shape, situated transversely at the dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity mostly at the right side of the median plane.
Pancreas of Dog:
Consists of two branched parts- left and right, both parts meet together behind pylorus and form a V shaped structure which extends caudodorsally, mostly up to the corresponding kidneys.
Pancreas of Pig:
Triangular shape in shape.
Pancreas of Fowl:
Elongated slight lobulated yellowish-red colored gland, located between ascending and descending parts of duodenum.

28

a. (Cerebellum)
The trochlear nerve may be seen emerging between the cerebellum and the cerebral hemispheres i.e., posterior (dorsal) aspects of the midbrain.

29

a. (Meatus)
-The facial nerve passes outward Infront of the eighth cranial nerve and enter the internal acoustic meatus.

30

a. (Calcaneous)
-Largest bone of the hock joint - Calcaneous
-Hock is a compound joint consists of a. Tibiotarsal articulation b. Intertarsal articulation and Tarsometatarsal articulation.
-Bones involved in Hock joint: Distal end of tibia, tarsal bones, lateral malleolus and proximal end of metatarsal bone.
-Movements:
a. Tibio- tarsal articulation -Extension and flexion
b. Other Articulation - Gliding

 

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