Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Anatomy and Histology (Part-8)

• Gastrocnemius muscles extends upto Hock joint.
• Gastrocnemius muscles is a complex muscles that is fundamentally involved in walking and posture, affects the entire lower limb and the movement of the hips and lumbar area.
• Origin: proximal to articular surfaces of lateral condyle of femur and medial condyle of femur.
• Insertion: Tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon) into mid- posterior calcaneus
• Artery: sural arteries
• Nerve: Tibial nerve from the sciatic.

• The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is the blood vessel that carries blood from the GI tract, Gall bladder, Pancreas and spleen to Liver.
• The portal vein is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric, splenic veins, inferior mesenteric, left and right gastric veins, and the pancreatic veins.

• The testicle in the fowl lies ventral to the anterior lobes of the kidney (Abdominal testes).
• The male chicken has 2 gonads (testes), located along the chicken’s back, ventral to the anterior lobes of kidneys. The testes are elliptical and light yellow in color.
• Both gonads (testes) are developed in the male chicken whereas a female chicken has only one mature gonad (left ovary).

The muscles which extend the forelimbs as a whole is Common Digital Extensor

• The psoas minor muscles in the Ox are inserted at the psoas tubercle on the shaft of the ilium.
• Psoas minor muscles is thin muscles placed at the ventral lateral aspect of the bodies of lumbar and few thoracic vertebra, helps to flex the hip.
• Origin: Last thoracic intervertebral disc and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
• Insertion: Psoas tubercles
• Blood supply: Lumbar arteries
• Nerve supply: Lumbar nerves

• The plane which is cut parallel to the median plane - Sagittal plane
• The sagittal plane is an anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections. This plane may be in the centre of body, divides into 2 equal halfs or away from the midline and divides into two unequal half.
• The median plane is a vertical plane that passes through midlines of body and bisects the body into 2 symmetrical halves i.e. right and left.
• Transverse plane is an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
• A coronal or frontal plane is the anatomical plane that divides the body into dorsal (posterior or back) and ventral (anterior or front) portions.

• The tentorium cerebelli is a crescentic fold which occupies the transverse fissure between the cerebellum and cerebral hemisphere.
• Tentorium cerebelli is the horizontal projection of the meningeal duramater that covers and separates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres.
• It attached posteriorly to the occipital bone along the grooves for the transverse sinuses.

Coracobrachialis muscles

• Small elongated muscles placed at the medial aspect of Humerus.
• The body is divided into upper and lower part.
• It helps to adduct the limbs and to flex the shoulder joint.
• Origin: Coracoid process of Scapula
• Insertion: The area above the teres tuberosity and the anterior surface of the distal third of the shaft of the humerus
• Blood supply: Anterior circumflex artery
• Nerve supply: Musculo- Cutaneous branch of brachial plexus.

• A horse’s hoof is composed of the wall, sole and frog. The wall is simply that part of the hoof that is visible when horse is standing, which covers the front and sides of the coffin bone. The wall is composed of horny material that is produced continuously and must be worn off or trim off. It does not contain blood vessels and nerves.
• When the foot is lifted off the ground, the sole and frog are visible, as well as bars of wall and collateral grooves.
• The wall, bars and frog are the weight- bearing structures of the foot, normally sole does not contact the ground.

• Spleen of fowl is a small round reddish-brown organ, situated at the right side of the junctions between the proventriculus and gizzard.
• Spleen of rabbit is elongated, and spatula shaped, dark brown in color, extended dorsoventrally along the greater curvature of the stomach.
• Spleen of the pig is long, and narrow extends dorsoventrally along left part of the greater curvature of stomach.
• Spleen of dog is roughly human- foot print shaped, variable in position except the upper end which is placed below the proximal end of the last rib.
• Spleen of horse is roughly triangular in shape, placed at the anterior and left part of the abdomen between the fundus of the stomach and diaphragm.
• Spleen of Ox is elliptical in shape, situated obliquely downward and forward direction in the upper end and left part of the abdomen between the left face of rumen and diaphragm.

• Cardiac notch is most prominent in lung of Horse.
• Cardiac notch is present in the left lung.
• Cardiac notch in Ox is big and in the form of “L”.

• The reflection of the pleurae from the mediastinum upon the corresponding lungs is termed as Mediastinal Pleurae.
• Costal pleura: Pleural portion covering the inner surface of the rib cage.
• A pleura is the serous membrane (2 layered membranous pleural sac)- outer: parietal - attaches to the chest wall while inner - visceral - covers lungs, blood vessel, nerves and bronchi.

Laterally, a large part of mass of pons curves dorsally and backward in base of cerebellum forming the Midddle cerebellar peduncle.
Cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brain stem. There are 6 cerebellar pedunclesin total, 3 on each sides:
a. Superior/Anterior cerebellar peduncle: paired structure of white matter, connect cerebellum to mid- brain.
b. Middle cerebellar peduncle: paired connects the cerebellum to the pons
c. Inferior/Posterior peduncle: thick rope like, occupies the upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata.

• The popliteal artery is direct continuation of femoral artery in Ox.
• Popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery, passes between 2 heads of gastrocnemius, then through popliteal regions and divides into cranial and caudal tibial arteries, after giving some branches to biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles.
• The caudal tibial artery is small and supplies the popliteus and digital flexor muscles.
• The cranial tibial artery is large, passes down through the interosseous space to the anterior aspects of tibia and tarsus, and continues as dorsal pedal artery. Cranial tibial artery gives branches to popliteus, semimembranosus and most of extensor muscles. The dorsal pedal artery gives few branches to form tarsal rete infront of the tarsal joint and at a little below gives one perforating branch, which communicates with proximal planter arch. It continues down on the metatarsal groove as dorsal metatarsal artery. The dorsal metatarsal artery descends down below fetlock joint as dorsal common digital artery.

• The reticular groove starts from the cardia and end at the reticulo - omasal orifice.
• Reticulum (pyriform sac) is smallest of all compartments, situated between the diaphragm and liver in front and dorsal sac of rumen and omasum behind.
• It has 2 surface, 2 curvature and 2 ends.
• Parietal surface is convex and related to diaphragm and liver while visceral surface is related to atrium ruminis.

• Highest point of skeleton - Medial angle of ilium.
• Point of hip in animals - Lateral angle of ilium
• Internal angle of ischium is narrow and joins the cotyloid angles of ilium and pubis to form cotyloid cavity.
• External angle of ischium is expanded to form a trifid ischial tuberosity

• The occurrence of accessory ligament in the hip joint is characteristics features of Horse.
• Normally, the hip joint capsule is formed by 3 major ligaments: the ileofemoreal, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments.

• The cribriform plate (lamina cribrosa of the Ethmoid bone) is a sieve- like structure between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity.
• The cribriform plate is a part of ethmoid bone and supports the olfactory bulb, which lies in the olfactory fossa.

Atlas

• It is 1st cervical vertebra, comprises of a large neural ring and 2 wings. The body is in the form of thick plate and form the ventral wall of the neural ring. Wings are bony plates, projected from the either side of the neural rings.
• The supraspinous process as well as ventral spine are in form of tubercle.
• On the cranial aspect of dorsal surface, there are two foramina: Intervertebral foramina and alar foramina
• Note: At the caudal part of the floor, there is depression, the fovea dentis , which articulates with odontoid process of the axis.