Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Anatomy and Histology (Part-6)

a. Foramina of Winslow

• Foramen of Winslow is the only natural communicating foramen between the greater peritoneal sac and the lesser peritoneal sac. It It is known as epiploic foramen or the Omental foramen.
• -Foramen of Monro - Foramen between the lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle
• -Foramen of Magendae (Median aperture)- foramina in the ventricular system, links between 4th ventricle and the cisterna magna (Cisterna Magna is the region in the brain posterior to the medulla oblongata below the cerebellum, cerebrospinal fluid enters from the 4th ventricle)
• Mental foramen- Bilateral opening in the vestibular portion of the mandible from where the mental nerve, emerges.

b. 2

• Number of interosseous spaces between radius and ulna in Ox is 2.
• -Number of interosseous spaces between radius and ulna of Horse, dog and fowl is 1

d. Scaphoid

• Synonyms of radial carpal bone - Scaphoid
• Intermediate carpal bone - Semilunar
• Ulnar Carpal bone - Cuneiform
• Accessory carpal bone - Pisiform
• Fourth carpal bone - Unciform

a. Metacarpal and 1st phalanx

• 1st Sesamoid bone is found in between metacarpal and 1st phalanx
• IInd sesamoid bone is found between IInd phalanx and IIIrd phalanx.
• Sesamoid bones are of two types in Ox:
• Proximal sesamoid bone: 4 in number in each limb, 2 for each functional digit.
• Distal sesamoid bone (navicular bones.): 2 in number, one for each digit.
• Note:
• There are 2 proximal sesamoid and one distal sesamoid bone in horse.
• Dog - There are 9 posterior and 5 anterior sesamoid bone in proximal group and distal sesamoid is cartilaginous.
• Pig - There are 2 proximal and 1 distal sesamoid bone in each digit.

c. Fowl

• Illio- Ischiatic foramen is found in Fowl.

a. Rumen

• Horny Papillae is found in Rumen.
• Honeycomb like mucosa (Sieve like) found in Reticulum
• Ladies purse like mucosal folds found in Omasum
• Glandular glands are found in Abomasum

a. Ontogeny

• Entire development of the individual is called Ontogeny
• Phylogeny: Ancestral history of the species.
• Embryology: branch of animal biology that studied prenatal development of gametes, fertilization, development of embryo and fetus.

a. Parotid salivary duct

• There are 3 major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.
• Stensen’s duct drains the parotid glands opposite the upper second molar.
• Wharton’s duct drains the submandibular and sublingual glands into the floor of the mouth near the frenulum of the tongue.
• Note:
• -Largest salivary gland of Horse - Parotid salivary gland
• Zygomatic salivary gland is found in Dog.

c. Liver

• Falciform ligaments are related to liver.
• Major ligaments of the liver are as follows:
• Falciform or Anterior ligament: Attaches the parietal surface of the liver with the diaphragm
• Right lateral ligament: Connects dorsal part of liver to the caudal part of the diaphragm
• Round ligament: Connects the umbilical fissure of liver to the umbilicus
• Caudate ligament: Attaches caudate lobe of the liver to the right kidney, abdominal venacava and part of pancreas
• Lesser omentum: Attaches along the portal fissure and extends up to the esophageal notch, connects liver with the omasum and lesser curvature of abomasum.

b. Kidney

• Duct of bellini is related to kidney.
• Duct of bellini (papillary or collecting duct) are the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrates and transport urine from the nephron to the larger ducts that connect with the renal calyces.

d. Urinary bladder

• Remnant of the umbilical artery is present in Urinary bladder.
• After birth, the umbilical arteries retract into the lateral ligament of the bladder and umbilical vein become the round ligament of the liver (Ligamentum teres hepatis).
• Note:
• The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated fetal blood towards the placenta for replenishment, and the umbilical veins carries oxygenated blood from placenta into growing fetus.

d. Urinary bladder

• Trigone is present at Urinary bladder.
• -It (trigone) is a triangular shaped region at the base of the bladder defined by presence of 2 ureteral orifices and the internal urethral meatus.

b. Dorsally

• -Tracheal cartilage is incomplete dorsally.
• Trachea is an elastic tube extends from larynx to the level of the base of heart, made up of cartilages and membranes. There are about 50 to 60 cartilages (in animals) and 115 cartilages in fowl incomplete dorsally.
• Tracheal tube is about 60cm long, terminating by bifurcating into 2 parts (left and right bronchi) at base of heart, characterized by having 2 parts:

d. 9

• Number of Air sac in fowl - 9
• 2 cervical; 1 clavicular; 2 cranial thoracic; 2 caudal thoracic 2 abdominal

d. Cryptorchism

• Animals in which one or both testes are retained in abdominal cavity, called cryptorchidism.

d. All

• Spermatic cord extends from the internal abdominal rings of the inguinal canal to the upper end of the corresponding testis.
• Spermatic cord is composed of two bundles- cranial and caudal, enclosed by tunica vaginalis propria; Through the cranial bundle- arteries, vein, lymphatics and nerve passes. Cremaster internus muscle is in this cranial bundle too. The caudal bundle accommodates only the vas deferens.
• Both the bundles are again covered by tunica vaginalis reflexa.
• Blood supply: Spermatic artery from aorta, artery of the cord from the external iliac and artery of vas from the umbilical artery
• Nerve supply: Spermatic plexus

Colliculus seminalis is a rounded prominence situated on the ventromedial wall of the urethra about 5 cm caudal to the urethral opening from the bladder.

c. Horse

• Urethral sinus is seen in Horse.

c. Horse

• Corona glandis is present in Horse

d. Tunica vaginalis

• Meso ovarium is the portion of the broad ligament that covers the ovaries.
• Graffian follicle is matured (ready to ovulate) follicle present in ovary
• The Tunica albuginea is the thick fibrous connective tissue that covers the ovaries and testes
• Tunica vaginalis is the pouch of serous membrane (derived from peritoneum) that covers the testes.

a. Horse

• False nostril or Diverticulum nasi is present in Horse.
• Inside the equine nostril, there is a long cutaneous sac known as False nostril or diverticulum nasi. The diverticulum nasi is caudal to the nostril and is easily palpated by passing a finger into the nostril in a caudal lateral direction.

a. 2

• Number of mammary glands in Mare - 2
• The number of mammary glands in bitch - 10
• In cattle, number of Mammary glands - 4, situated in the inguinal region, 2 on either side of median line between the thighs.
• Number of Mammary glands in pig - 10 to 12
• Note: Mammary gland is an accessory organ of reproductive system. It develops at puberty. It is modified sweat gland.
• Duct system of mammary gland develops under influence of Estrogen and gland (alveoli) develops under influence of progesterone.

a. Lymph

• Cisterna chyli (receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. It receives fatty chyle from intestine. And act as place for lipid products of digestion.

a. Occipito- atlantal articulation

• “Yes” joint, formed in Occipito - atlantal articulation.

d. Abducent nerve) (6th Cranial nerve

• Abducent nerve supply to lateral rectus muscles of eye.
• Muscles of Eye and their nerve supply:
• Extraocular muscles:

a. Linea alba

• -Median fibrous raphe. extends from the xiphoid cartilages to prepubic tendon: Linea alba
• Linea alba is a thin band of connective tissue that runs down infront of abdomen, separates left and right sides of rectus abdominis muscles.
• Linea alba is highly elastic, strong and white in colour.

a. 0033/4033

• Dental formula of the Ruminant - 0033/4033
• Horse - 3133/3133
• Dog - 3142/3143
• Pig - 3143/3143
• Most compact (hardest) part of Tooth - Enamel
• Substance forms thin layer on root of teeth- Cement
• -Ivory like part of teeth - Dentine
• Cord like structure under surface of tongue of dog - Lyssa
• Wide mucus fold under surface of tongue - Frenum linguae
• Wide hard papillae at floor of tongue - Caruncula sublingualis

b. 18

• Hard palate of Horse contains 18 transverse ridges in each half.
• Ox's hard palate contains 15 to 19 transverse ridges in each half.
• Dog's hard palate contains 22 transverse ridges in each half
• Pig's hard palate contains 20 transverse ridges in each half.

a. Horse

• -Area of cribosa is found in kidney of Horse.
• The base and sides are surrounded by cortical tissue, and the apex protrudes into the renal calyces. These protrusions are known as renal papillae, and the area of Cribosa and their surface is punctured by numerous papillary duct apertures (ducts of Bellini).