In ox, the distal extremity of the lateral malleolus articulates with
b. Tibial tarsal
- In Ox, the distal extremity of the lateral malleolus articulates with tibial tarsal.
- Lateral malleolus is the small piece of bone placed between proximal end of tibial tarsal and distal end of fibular tarsal at their lateral aspect.
- Tarsal bone
- Ox: Five in number, arranged in two rows (Proximal - 2 bones (tibial and fibular tarsal) Distal row- 3 bones (central and fourth fused, 2nd and 3rd fused and 1) and one lateral malleolus.
- Horse: 6 in number (tibial and fibular tarsal), central tarsal, 1st and 2nd fused, 3rd and 4th.
- Dog: 7 in number (Tibial tarsal, fibular tarsal, central tarsal, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal)
- Pig: 7 in number (tibial tarsal, fibular tarsal, central tarsal, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal)
- Rabbit: 6 in number (Tibial tarsal, fibular tarsal, central tarsal, 1st, 2nd and 3rd)
- Fowl: No tarsal; tarsal are bone are fused, proximal row fused with tibia form tibiotarsal while distal row fused with metatarsal form, tarsometatarsus.
Os ungulare is name of which of the following
c. IIIrd phalanx
- Os - ungulare: Distal bone ( IIIrd phalanx or Coffin Bone)
- Os - Compedale: Proximal phalanx (Ist phalanx)
- Os- coronale: Middle phalanx (IInd phalanx)
The interparietal bones are absent in
c. Dog); Interparietal bone is absent in Dog, since it is fused with occipital before birth
The two parts of the ligamentum nuchae are………. and …………
d. Funicular, lamellar
- -The two parts of the ligamentum nuchae are Funicular and Lamellar parts.
- -The supraspinous ligament is very strong and long ligament extends from the occipital bone to the sacrum, very well developed in cattle due to their grazing habits by extending head toward ground, composed of yellow elastic tissue.
- This ligament is divided into two parts - Thoraco lumbar part and cervical parts
- Thoraco- lumbar parts start from sacral spine, attaches the summit of spines of the lumbar and thoracic vertebra, proceeds forward and continues as cervical part.
- The cervical part (known as ligamentum nuchae) and has 2 components- Lamellar and funicular
- Funicular part extends from external occipital protuberance in a form of rounded bundle, becomes wide and flat, and continue with thoracolumbar part.
- Lamellar part originates from wide funicular part at level of 2nd or 3rd thoracic vertebra, proceeds downward and forward in a radiating manner and divides into cranial and caudal portion. Cranial portion is thin and double, terminates at spine of 2nd, 3rd and 4th cervical vertebra; while caudal part is single and terminates at spine of 5th, 6th and 7th cervical vertebra.
In fowl, the………. is the strongest bone of the shoulder girdle and it is uniting with the other two bones to form the foramina ………...
d. Coracoid, triosseum
- In fowl, the Coracoid is the strongest bone of the shoulder girdle and it unite with the other two bones to form the formina triosseum, through this foramen, runs the tendon of the supracoracoideus muscles, which attaches to the sternum and dorsal side of the humerus, and lifts the wings upwards in flight.
The spine of the scapula of ………. divides the lateral surfaces of scapula into 2 almost equal fossa
c. Dog
- The spine of the scapula of dog divides the lateral surfaces of scapula into 2 almost equal fossa - Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa.
- The spine of the scapula of ox divides the lateral surfaces of scapula in ratio of 1:3 (Supraspinous: Infraspinous)
- The spine of the scapula of pig divided the lateral surface in ratio 1:0.8
- The spine of the scapula of horse is placed further backward.
The spur is present on the ……………... bone of the cock (male fowl).
c. Metatarsus
- Spurs (Usually formed from the lower portion of the tarsometatarsus bone) on their feet or legs of male chicken (most galliform birds), used in mating competition or territory defense.
The process of bone formation is termed as ossification. It is of two types namely……… and ………
b. Intramembranous, Endochondral
- The process of bone formation by deposition of calcium in the fetal hyaline cartilage, is termed as ossification. All bones develop from the mesenchymal tissues of embryo. It is of two types namely:
a. Intramembranous ossification:
Bone that develops directly from the embryonic mesenchymal tissues, usually occurs in the deep layers of dermis. Eg: Cranila vault, Mandible, Clavicle.
b. Endochondral ossification:
Cartilage is formed first from the mesenchymal tissue which later on ossify (addition of calcium) to form the bone.
The most commonly used blood stain is
a. Leishman Stain
- Leishman stain is most commonly used stain for blood staining, used to differentiate blood cells (RBC, WBC and platelets) and also to identify blood microbes (Protozoa and bacteria).
- Leishman stain is actually modified version of Original Romanowsky stain.
- -Leishman stain is neutral stain (contain Eosin- Acidic dye(pink) and Methylene blue- Basic dye)
- Bacteria is negatively charged and has affinity for methylene blue and appears blue on Leishman staining.
Note:
Fixation of the blood smear is not required, because Leishman stain contains methanol which fix smear during staining.
The conjugate diameter is measured from the………... of the sacrum to the …...
b. Spine, pubic symphysis); The conjugate diameter is measured from the spine of the sacrum to the pubic symphysis
- There are 4 diameters of the pelvic inlet:
- Anteroposterior Diameter: a. Diagonal conjugate, True Conjugate and Obstetric conjugate
- Transverse Diameter
- 2 Obliques Diameter
- a. Diagonal Conjugate: distance between lower border of pubis symphysis to midpoint of sacral spine. Only AP diameter that can be measured clinically.
- b. True or Anatomic Conjugate: Distance between upper margin of pubic symphysis to midpoint of sacral spine.
- c. Obstetric conjugate: Distance between midpoint of inner surface of pubic symphysis to midpoint of sacral spine. (Shortest distance between spine and symphysis).
- Transverse diameter: Construct at right angle to obstetric conjugates.
- Oblique Diameter: Extends from sacroiliac joints to the opposite iliopubic eminence.
The elbow joint is a ……. type of joint which is comprised of lateral and medial ligaments
b. Ginglymus
- Elbow joint is a ginglymus (Hinge) type of joint.
- On the basis of structure and movements, joints are of following types:
Pivot type:
A round bony process fits into a bony groove, permitting rotation. For example: Atlanto-axial joint.
Ball and socket joint:
A ball shaped bony head fits into a concavity allowing movement in several axis. Examples: Shoulder joint and Hip joint
Plane (Gliding) joint:
The joint surface of both bones is flat against each other. Gliding action in one direction (Uniaxial) can happen in this type of joint. Example: Acromioclavicular joint.
Hinge (Ginglymus) joint:
A joint form like a door hinge allowing only one direction (uniaxial) movement. Ex: Elbow joint
Saddle type:
The opposing articular surfaces are both saddle shaped. As a result, this type of joint can move in two directions (biaxial), example: carpometacarpal joint
Condyloid type:
A rounded bony prominence of one bone articulates with a shallow indentation of another bone, allows two direction movement (biaxial) as well as circumduction. Ex: Metacarpophalangeal joints.
The muscles triceps brachii is a large 3 headed muscles which consists of lateral, ……. and …… heads
a. Medial, long
- The muscles triceps brachii is a large 3 headed muscles which consists of lateral, medial and long heads, filled the angle formed by scapula and humerus at the shoulder.
Long head of triceps muscles:
triangular and largest, assist to extend the elbow joint. Origin: caudal border of scapula and a small portion of the same border of humerus; Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna; Blood supply- deep brachial and posterior circumflex arteries and nerve supply- Branch of radial nerve.
Lateral head of triceps muscles:
Triangular in shape, lies below long head of triceps muscles, assist to extend elbow joint. Origin: cranio- lateral border of the upper part of shaft of humerus and caudal margin of deltoid tuberosity; Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna; Blood supply: Deep brachial and posterior circumflex artery; Nerve supply -branch of radial nerve
Medial head of triceps muscles:
smallest, not triangular in shape, help to extend elbow joint. Origin: Medial surface of shaft of humerus at its upper third; Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna; Blood supply: Deep brachial artery; nerve supply- branch of radial nerve
Biceps Brachii Muscles:
Elongated spindle shaped muscles located in front of humerus, help to flex the elbow joint. Origin: Area behind the head of humerus; Insertion- medial aspect of the proximal end of radius and proximal end of ulna; Blood supply- Branches from brachial artery; Nerve supply- Musculocutaneous branch of brachial plexus. Note: Biceps brachii muscles has bifurcated tendon of insertion.
Longissimus Dorsi:
Longest muscles of body and strong muscles extends from sacrum to the neck, help to extend the back and loin; Origins- Tuber coxae, iliac crest, cranial surface of ilium, supra spinous process of sacral, lumbar and thoracic vertebra; insertion- Articular and transverse process of lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebra and lateral surface of ribs; Blood supply- lumbar, thoracic and cervical arteries; Nerve supply- branches of spinal nerve of concerned segments.
The alveolar border of mandible does not contain alveoli for canine teeth in
c. Ox
- -The alveolar border of mandible does not contain alveoli for canine teeth in Ox.
- Mandible forms the skeleton of lower jaw, comprises of body and two rami, in which two halves of this bone fuses incompletely at the mandibular symphysis.
- The alveolar border of mandible contains 8 alveoli for incisor teeth, no alveoli for canine teeth in ox.
- -The alveolar border of body of mandible contains 6 alveoli for incisor teeth and other 2 alveoli in male for canine teeth in case of horse.
- -In case of dog, alveolar border of body of mandible has 6 alveoli for incisors, 2 alveoli for canine, and 14 alveoli for premolar and molar teeth.
Note:
The mandible of the dog is characterized by the presence of angular process.
Isthmus faucium is the opening of ……… into pharynx
d. Buccal cavity, pharynx
- Isthmus faucium is the opening of buccal cavity into pharynx.
Lyssa is a fusiform cord present in the tongue of
b. Dog); Lyssa is a fusiform cord present in the tongue of dog
- A thick fibromuscular cord situated along the middle of the ventral surface of the tip of the tongue - Lyssa.
- -Apex of the tongue of Horse is spatula shaped.
- There are two frenum linguae in the tongue of pig.
The corona glandis is present in the penis of
d. Horse
- Corona glandis (At the base of the glans, there is border, known as corona glandis) is present in the penis of horse. Horse penis is short and thicker.
- Os- penis is present in penis of dog.
- -Cranial part of penis of boar is twisted
- Some information related to penis:
- Penis is cylindrical copulatory structure, consists of 3 major parts: Root (begins at the ischial arch), Body (largest part between root and glans) and Glans penis (Free conical end of the penis).
- Muscles of the penis: Ischio- cavernosus, Bulbo- spongiosus, Retractor penis
- Blood supply to penis: Dorsal artery of penis
- Nerve supply: Branch from pubic and from pelvic plexus.
……. is inward movement of a bone towards central axis
b. Adduction
- Adduction: Inward movement of a bone towards central axis
- Abduction: outward movement of a bone aways from central axis
- Circumduction: movement in which one end of an appendages remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.
The cremaster internus muscles consists of ………. fibers
b. Unstriped
- The cremaster internus muscles consists of unstriped fibers.
- The cremaster muscles are a muscle that covers the testis and spermatic cord.
- Origin: Internal Oblique
- Insertion: Tunica vaginalis
- Artery: Cremasteric artery
- Nerve: Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
- Actions: Raise and lower the scrotum.
The anconeus muscles cover the ……… fossa
b. Olecranon
- -The anconeus muscles cover the Olecranon fossa, is a small muscle, located at the posterior aspect of the elbow joint attaching humerus and ulna.
- Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Insertion: lateral surface of the olecranon process of the ulna and the superior proximal part of the posterior ulna.
- Artery: Deep brachial artery, recurrent interosseous artery
- Nerve: Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1)
- Action: Extension of the elbow joint.
Third trochanter is present in which of the following
b. Horse
- At the upper half of the lateral border of femur of horse, there is extra prominence, known as Third trochanter. Supracondyloid fossa is deeper in horse.
- At femur of dog and Rabbit, Supracondyloid fossa is absent.
- -At femur of fowl, only greater trochanter is present, lesser trochanter is absent.
Among the cervical vertebrae, the foramen transversarium is absent in which of the following
a. VII
- Foramen Transversarium is absent in VII cervical vertebra.
- Cervical vertebrae form the skeleton of neck, characterized by presence of short processes and the foramen transversarium (The base of each transverse process is perforated by foramina transversarium.
Maxillary nerve passes through foramen
d. Orbitorotundum) (Also known as round foramen
- -The foramen orbitorotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone of the skull, connect middle cranial fossa and pterygopalatine fossa, allow for the passage of the maxillary nerve, a branch of trigeminal nerve.
- -Foramen ovale is the foramen present in atrial septum (Connect right atrium with left atrium)
- -Foramen magnum: It is the largest foramen of skull, present in occipital bone, allows the passage of spinal cord, (An extension of medulla oblongata).
The prostate has 2 parts in bull, one is the corpus and the other is the………
a. Pars disseminata
- -The prostate has 2 parts in bull, one is the corpus and the other is the Pars disseminata.
Prostate gland:
It is Fibromuscular gland situated at the neck of the bladder and beginning of the urethra, composed of glandular alveoli in the fibromuscular framework covered by thick fibromuscular capsule from which bands arises and enter into the gland proper in different directions to form meshwork. Although, it is said to have two lobes, lobulation are not distinct.
A number of prostatic ducts drains the secretions of the glands into the urethra on either side of the mucus fold at the roof behind the colliculus seminalis.Renal pyramids are not distinct in
b. Horse); Renal pyramids are not distinct in case of Horse
- The surface lobulation and number of pyramids of kidney varies from animal to animals:
- The kidney of cattle and buffalo (large ruminants) are distinctly lobulated and number ranges from 18 to22. The number of pyramids generally corresponds to the number of lobes.
- In human and pig, the surface lobulation is not distinct but each kidney possesses multiple number of pyramids.
- In Goat, Rabbit, dogs and cats, there is no surface lobulation and each kidney contains only one pyramids. Therefore, these kidneys are unipyramidal and have no calyces minor.
- In Horse and sheep, there is renal crest in place of pyramid.
The hyoid bone articulates with which of the following
b. Petrous- temporal bone); Hyoid bone articulates with petrous- temporal bone. Hyoid bone is located in the neck and can be palpated immediately above the thyroid cartilage, is suspended from the tip of the styloid processes of the temporal bone by the stylohyoid ligaments
- -The hyoid bone gives attachment to a variety of muscles and ligament that connects it to the cranium, mandible, tongue, larynx, pharynx, sternum and shoulder girdle.
A plate of cartilage or dense fibrous tissue placed between articular cartilage, and which divides the joint cavity is called as
c. Menisci); A plate of cartilage or dense fibrous tissue placed between articular cartilage, and which divides the joint cavity is called as Menisci
- A Meniscus is a piece of cartilage found where two bones meet (joint space), protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends.
The connective tissue fibers which show loose argyrophilia when bundled are
b. Reticular fibers
- Reticular fiber (Type III collagen fiber) are thin collagen fibers, not typically detected with routine H and E stain, however these fiber stain black with silver stain and often called argyrophilic fibers.
Malpighian follicles are the characteristics histological features of
b. Spleen
- Malpighian follicles are the characteristics histological features of spleen.
- The white pulp of the spleen comprises lymph related nodules, called Malpighian corpuscles, which contains periarteriolar lymphoid sheath rich in T- lymphocytes and macrophages; A marginal zone- rich in macrophages; Lymphoid follicles - rich in naive B -lymphocyte.
Herring bodies are the structures found in
a. Neurohypophysis); Herring bodies are the structures found in Neurohypophysis
- Herring bodies or neurosecretory bodies are structures found in the posterior pituitary gland, represent the terminal end of the axons from the hypothalamus, and the hormones are temporally stored in these locations. Both ADH and Oxytocin hormones are stored in Herring bodies.
Mammalian eggs are which of the following
c. Microlecithal and Isolecithal
- On the basic of amount of yolk:
- Alecithal: Egg where amount of yolk is negligible (Human egg)
- Microlecithal: Egg contains very less amount yolk (eutherian mammals)
- Mesolecithal: Egg contains moderate amount of yolk (Cytoplasm is equal to amount of yolk) found in amphibian.
- Megalecithal: Amount of yolk is more than cytoplasm (Birds, reptiles and insects)
- On the basis of distribution of yolk:
- Isolecithal: In the yolk’s cytoplasm, yolk is evenly distribution (Found in alecithal and microlecithal egg)
- Telolecithal: Uneven distribution of yolk, either Moderate telolecithal - one side of egg has cytoplasm while other end is yolk; Discoidal telolecithal- egg where cytoplasm is in the form of disc. (Birds, amphibian)
- Centrolecithal: In the peripheral cytoplasm, egg is centered. (Insects).
Note
Since it's a part -5,
for video: https://youtu.be/3MEwaoEcfnM
For Mcq on Veterinary Anatomy, part-6: Multiple Choice Questions on Veterinary Anatomy and Histology (Part-6) - Vet Lectures (veterinarylectures.com)
For Mcq on Veterinary Anatomy, part -4: Multiple Choice Questions on Veterinary Anatomy and Histology (Part-4) - Vet Lectures (veterinarylectures.com)