Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Anatomy and Histology (Part -2)

c. Posterior circumflex

• The artery arises from subscapular artery - Posterior circumflex (have two branches: upper branch- deltoid, triceps, brachialis, teres minor; while lower one gives nutrient artery to humerus) and thoraco- dorsal artery (it supplies teres major and subscapular muscles).
• Axillary (Subclavian Artery): Each artery (Left and right) gives off following intrathoracic branches at their thoracic course and leaves the thoracic cavity as extra thoracic part:
• Intrathoracic part: It consists of Costo cervical artery (dorsal artery, intercostal artery, Deep cervical artery and Vertebral artery); Superficial or inferior cervical artery; Internal thoracic artery.
• Extrathoracic part: It consists External thoracic artery, Suprascapular artery, Subscapular artery (thoraco -dorsal and posterior circumflex), Anterior circumflex humeral artery, Deep brachial artery (Collateral ulnar artery, Transverse cubital artery, Common interosseous artery, Median- Radial and Ulnar artery).

a. Ulnar artery

• Ulnar artery passes through the carpal canal.
• Ulnar artery is the main continuation of median artery, descends down under flexor carpi radialis, passes through carpal canal, continues further down metacarpal region and ultimately gives Volar common digital artery, which gives two volar proper digital arteries.
• Median - distal continuation of brachial artery after it detaches the interosseous artery, passes downward along the posteromedial aspect of radius along with median nerve and divides into radial and ulnar artery.
• Radial artery- goes along posteromedial aspect of radius and reaches the posterior surface of the carpus and continue as volar medial metacarpal artery.
• Common Interosseous artery- large vessel detached from Deep brachial artery at level of proximal interosseous space, gives off branches to the proximal end of flexor muscles, passes through proximal interosseous space, and continue as anterior interosseous artery along the grooves between radius and ulna.

c. Internal Carotid

• -Middle meningeal artery is branch of internal carotid artery.
• Common carotid artery (Left and right artery), gives internal and external carotid artery along with collateral branches (Tracheal, esophageal, muscular, caudal thyroid, cranial thyroid, laryngeal and pharyngeal) (@ LP MET CT2)
• Internal carotid artery gives main branch (Occipital artery, which gives following subbranches: Palatine artery, Stylomastoid artery, Middle meningeal artery, caudal meningeal branch and condyloid artrey) (@PSC CMM)
• External carotid artery: Arises from Common carotid artery, gives off following branches on way and continues as Maxillary artery.
• Branches of External Carotid artery: Linguofacial artery (Lingual and facial artery), Caudal auricular artery, Masseteric artery, Superficial temporal artery (transverse facial artery, Cranial auricular artery, Palpebral artery) (@LCMS)
• Maxillary artery: External carotid artery continues as maxillary artery, after giving superficial temporal artery, giving off following branches on its course and ultimately ends terminal branches (Descending palatine artery and Infraorbital artery). Branches of maxillary artery: Mandibulo alveolar artery, Pterygoid artery, deep temporal artery, Buccal artery, opthalmic artery, and malar artery). (@MP DB OM).

Supraorbital artery is branch of External Opthalmic.

a. Hepatic artery

• Right gastric artery in ruminant is given by hepatic artery. ‘
• Abdominal aorta extends from hiatus aorticus, and terminates below 5th or 6th lumbar vertebra
• by dividing into two external and internal iliac arteries.

d. Umbilical artery

• Posterior uterine artery arises from Internal pudenal artery.
• Internal Iliac artery: Large paired arteries supply the pelvic viscera and pelvic wall, originates from continuation of abdominal aorta, below 5th or 6th lumbar vertebra, gives branches and finally terminates by dividing into caudal gluteal and internal pudendal artery.
• Branches of Internal Iliac artery: Umbilical artery (Ureteric branch to ureter, vesicular part to cranial part of bladder,Uterine branch (Middle uterine artery) supply to horn and body of uterus in female and while deferential branch to ductus deferens in male.
• Iliomuscular artery (supply to iliacus and psoas major muscles)
• Cranial and caudal gluteus artery (Supply to muscles of hip).
• Urogenital artery (In male, it’s branches supply to bladder, vas deference, seminal vesicle and pelvic part of urethra while in female, it’s branches supply to uterus (Caudal uterine artery), bladder urethra and vestibule.
• Obturator artery: supply to obturator internus and externus muscles
• Internal pudendal artery: terminal branch of internal iliac artery, gives branches to muscles of perinium, rectum, obturator externus, bulb of penis in male while in female, posterior uterine artery arises from it, gives muscular and rectal branch, branches to vagina vestibule and vulva etc.

b. Posterior tibial

• The saphenous artery which supplies posterior aspects of hind limb is replaced by posterior tibial artery in Horse, which supplies to posterior aspect of hindlimb in horse.
• External iliac artery (Supply blood to hindlimb) These are large vessels arises from abdominal aorta below 5th or 6th lumbar vertebra, gives off following branches and continues as popliteal artery below stifle joint.
• Branches of External iliac artery:
• Deep circumflex iliac artery: supply to abdominal muscles, tensor fascia lata, and craniolateral part of quadriceps femoral muscles.
• -Deep femoral artery: It gives pudendo epigastric artery (supply to scrotum, prepuce in male) while mammary artery in female and medial circumflex femoral artery (supply medial and posterior aspects of thigh).
• Lateral circumflex femoral artery (supplies quadriceps femoris muscles.
• -Saphenous artery supplies to posterior aspects of hindlimb
• -Genicular artery: arises at distal third of thigh and supplies to sartorius, semimembranosus, and distal part of quadriceps femoris muscles
• -Caudal femoral artery originates from femoral artery, just above stifle joint, supplies to adductor, vastus intermediatus, gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor muscles.

b. Parotid

• Superficial lymph nodes present in Cattle
• Mammary lymph node - 2 quite lymph large lymph node located dorsally to the udder
• (Subiliac) Prefemoral lymph node - found in between tuber coxae and stifle joint
• Prescapular lymph node- found somewhere cranial to the muscles of shoulder
• -Parotid and mandibular lymph nodes in head regions: Parotid lymph lie to rostral part of parotid salivary gland , ventral to the ear
• mandibular lymph nodes lie ventral part of mandible.

c. Dog

• Superficial lymph nodes of Dog:
• Prescapular lymph node: Located cranial to scapula
• -Axillary lymph node: At junction of forarms, Along the brachioplexus, on medial side of arm, there is axillary lymph node, not palpable in normal, only in diseased dog.
• -Popliteal lymph node: Palplable in both dog and cat, lie caudal side of stiffle
• -Scrotal or superficial inguinal: lie just cranial to spermatic cord while in female, in groin area in either side of linea alba, there is superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
• -Submandibular lymph nodes- ventral side of mandible

b. Ovary

• Cytogenous gland are those which secretes living cells as their secretions. Ex: Ovary which secretes ovum as secretion and testes which secretes spermatozoa as secretion.

c. Transitional epithelium

• Mucosa of the ureter is lined by Transitional epithelium
• Types and location of the epithelial tissue
• -Simple squamous epithelium (Pavement epithelium): Terminal bronchiole and alveoli of lung, wall of Bowman capsule and loop of Henle, Membranous labyrinth (internal ear), blood vessel, lymph vessel and heart, coelomic cavity and rete testis of testes
• Simple cuboidal epithelium: Salivary and pancreatic duct; Ovary and seminiferous tubules
• -Simple columnar epithelium: stomach and intestine, gall bladder and bile duct, gastric gland, intestinal gland and pancreatic lobules
• Ciliated epithelium - Columnar ciliated epithelium (Fallopian tubes); Ciliated cuboidal epithelium- nephron of kidney
• Pseudostratified- Trachea
• keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: hairs, nails, hoof skin etc.
• Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: lining of oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, vagina, cervix.
• -Stratified cuboidal - sweat gland duct, salivary and pancreatic ducts
• stratified columnar- larynx and upper part of soft palate
• Transitional epithelium- urinary bladder, ureter, renal pelvis, upper part of urethra.

a. Microfilaments

• -Cytoskeleton of cell - Microfilaments
• A network of protein filaments, extending throughout the cytoplasm of cells, known as cytoskeletons. Cytoskeletons are of three types:
• Microtubules: largest cytoskeleton filaments, composed of protein tubulin, also 10-15% microtubules -associated protein and tau protein, main functions - maintenance of cell shape.
• Microfilaments: Composed of actin protein, fundamental role in muscles contraction, in association with many other proteins that organize and cross- link microfilaments, also involved in cell division, endocytosis, exocytosis, cell locomotion and maintenance of cell shape.
• Intermediate filaments: Composed of different types of protein - keratin, Vimentin, Desmin, major function is not understood but probably to give mechanical strength and stability.

a. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of cell, play major role in ATP production

• b. Lysosomes: Suicidal bag, containing hydrolysis enzymes hydrolyses dead and unwanted intracellular constituents
• c. Golgi body: responsible for post -translational modification of proteins.

b. Plasma cell

• Nucleus of Plasma cell - Cart wheel shape

c. Lipofuscin

• Lipofuscin is fine yellow- brown pigment granules composed of lipid- containing residues of, lysosomal digestion, found in liver, kidney, heart, muscles, retina, adrenal glands, nerve cell and ganglion cells.
• Known as aging pigment as aged cells contain more lipofuscin
• -Also considered wear and tear pigment.

c. Histiocyte

• Loose connective tissue consists of cells in which most numerous cells is Histiocyte (Type of immune cells in Connective tissue).
• Most abundant tissue in the body - Connective tissue; Common cells found in connective tissue: Fibroblast, Fibrocyte, Macrophages, Plasma cells, mast cells and adipocytes while fibres prsent in connective tissue are collagen fibres, Elastic fibre and reticular fibres.

c. Cardiac muscles

• Perinuclear halos (Morphologic finding referring to the presence of vacuolated area that surrounded nucleus results from nucleus shrinkage) are seen in cardiac muscles.

a. Microglia

• Glial cells are the cells which are non- neuronal and are located within the CNS and PNS that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrients and waste transport. Glial cells are divided into four major groups:
• Microglial, Astrocyte, Oligodendrocytes and their progenitors NG2-glia are types of glial cells.

b. Small Intestine

• Payer patches are the nodules of the lymphatic cells that aggregates to form bundles or patches and occurs usually in the lowest portion (Ileum) of small intestine.

b. Sub mucosa

• The Brunner’s glands in the duodenum are present in Sub mucosa of the duodenum, secretes an alkaline fluid containing mucin, which protects the mucosa from the acidic stomach contents entering the duodenum. Brunner’s gland also secretes secretin hormones released into the bloodstreams by duodenum to stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas.

b. Liver

• Canal of herring is observed in liver. Canal of herring begins in the lobules, are lined partly by cholangiocytes and partly by hepatocytes and conduct bile from bile canaliculi to terminal bile duct and portal tracts. They are not readily apparent on routine histological staining but are highlighted by biliary cytokeratin's CK19 and CK7.

a. Spleen

• The M-zone (Marginal Zone) is the region at the interface between the non -lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white pulp of the spleen.

c. Diencephalon

• The pineal gland is present in Diencephalon, small, pea shaped gland in the brain, produces hormones (Melatonin), responsible for regulating sleep patterns (Circadian rhythms).

b. Subdural

• The brain and spinal cord are enclosed by three membranous coverings for their protection. These are known as meninges - Duramater, Arachnoid and Piamater from outside to inside.
• Epidural space (Filled with areolar and adipose tissue)- The space between Spinal column and Duramater
• Subdural space ((contains small amount of fluid)- The space between duramater and Arachnoid
• - Subarachnoid space (filled with cerebrospinal fluid)- The space between Arachnoid space and Piamater

b. Tectum

• The dorsal part of the mid brain - Tectum while ventral part of mid brain (Floor) - Tegmentum
• Mid brain comprises Cerebral aqueduct, corpora quadrigemina, and Crura cerebri
• Cerebri aqueduct is narrow passage through the mesencephalon and connects the third and fourth ventricle, lined by ciliated columnar epithelium, surrounded by grey matter. ‘
• Corpora quardrigemina: two pairs rounded bodies on dorsal aspect of mid brain- also called superior (Nates) and inferior colliculi (testis). The pineal body is situated in the space between the anterior part of superior colliculi.
• Crura cerebri (Cerebral peduncle): Two broad bundles at the ventral surface of the mid brain.

Fornix: Floor of the lateral ventricle formed by Fornix while roof of lateral ventricle formed by corpus callosum.

• Ventricles are the fluid (CSF) filled cavities within the brain. CSF is produced by Choroid plexus (Epithelial cells lining ventricle).
• There are four ventricles within the brain:

a. Fore brain

• Basal ganglia are the part of Forebrain.
• Basal ganglia refer to the group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors and emotions. The four basal ganglia are Caudate nucleus -putamen, globus pallidus in cerebrum, substantia nigra in midbrain and subthalamic nucleus in diencephalon.

b. Trochlear nerve

• The inferior oblique muscles of eyeball receive nerve supply from Trochlear nerve.
• Nerve Supply of the eye
• Sensory nerve supply: Done by Ophthalmic nerve (Branch of trigeminal nerve), which has further branches: lacrimal (supplies lateral part of eye); Frontal ( Supplies conjunctiva, middle part of eyelids, skin of forehead and scalps, further divided into supraorbital and supratrochlear); Nasociliary (divided into long ciliary nerve (ciliary body, iris, cornea) and posterior Ethmoid- supplies ethmoid and sphenoid sinus), Anterior ethmoid and infratrochlear- ( terminal branch of nasocilliary- supplies conjunctiva, medial part of eyelid, lacrimal sac and caruncle).
• Motor nerve supply: Oculomotor (superior division - superior rectus and Levatos palpebrae superior; inferior division -medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique); Trochlear - superior oblique; Abducens - lateral rectus
• Mixed motor and secretary: Facial nerve -motor to face, specially to orbicularis oculi; secretary to the lachrymal gland.
• Autonomics:
• a. Parasympathetic: Oculomotor nerve - Ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles; Facial nerve - Lachrymal gland
• b. Sympathetic: Post ganglionic fibres from superior cervical ganglion.

d. 11th

• -11th cranial nerve is motor nerve.
• (@LPC Tro Tri, AFVGVAH)

d. Infratrochlear nerve

• Upper eyelid receives nerve supply by Infratrochlear nerve.