Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Animal Nutrition (Part-3)

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

1

b.(25-30 bars) 

In bomb calorimeter, the bomb is charged with the oxygen at atmospheric pressure of 25-30 bars. ( Note: 1 bars = 100000 Pascal)

How Bomb Calorimeter works:

• Bomb calorimeter measures the cross caloric value of sample
• Constant volume type calorimeter that measures the heat of particular reaction (Burning of feed)
• The electrical energy is used as an ignition source for the burning of testing fuels in presence of pure oxygen, and the heating filament is made up of tungsten materials
• During the combustion, heat was released and a rise in temperature was measured. The dry benzoic acid was used as a fuel to measure the effective heat capacity of water.
• One gram of hydrogen gives rise to 34.5 Kcal of energy

2.

a. (Dissolve cellulose)

• In Van Soest method, the CTAB solution is used to dissolve cellulose.
• Van Soest method is proximate analysis method, separated two components successfully by using two detergents: Neutral detergent (EDTA) and acid detergent ( Cetyl trimethyl Ammonium bromide (CTAB).
• Neutral detergent solutions used to dissolve the easily digested pectin's and plant cell contents (proteins, sugars, and lipids); leaving a fibrous residue (and) that is primarily cell wall components of plants (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). 
• NDF digested with acid detergent solutions removes cell wall nitrogen and hemicellulose
• Acid detergent fiber after treatment with 73% sulphuric acid gives ADL
• Van Soest method was proposed in 1967 -Crampton and Maynard system was proposed in 1938
• The Crampton and Maynard system could partition the carbohydrate into cellulose and lignin.
• Insoluble matter of feed when ignited at 600 C yields insoluble ash by removing it from acid detergent lignin.

3

c. (Oleic)

• The chief fatty acids present in lecithin are palmitic, stearic, arachidonic and oleic acids. 
• Cephalin usually contain stearic, oleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids.

4

c.  (Fungi)

• If phytosterol are found in plants, then mycosterols are obtained from Fungi.
• Phytosterols are similar in structure to cholesterol in human, block cholesterol from being absorbed and phytosterol is part of healthy heart eating plan.
• Mycosterols (Ergosterols) extracts impairs cholesterol absorption and inhibits its biosynthesis. Mycosterols also possess anti- cancer, anti- inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.

5

b. (50%)

• Carbon in protein: 50%
• Nitrogen in protein: 16%
• Oxygen in protein: 23%
• The types of protein present in connective tissue: Collagen
• Types of protein present in Tendon and Arteries:  Collagen
• Types of proteins present in Ligament: Elastin
• Type of protein present in hairs, nails and hoof: Keratin
• Protamine is the basic protein of low molecular weight, which are rich in Arginine. 

6

b. (Copper)

Mineral's deficiency diseases

• Deficiency of copper: Enzootic ataxia (Also known as Sway back disease, Gingiri rickets:  Demyelination of CNS) ; steely wool or string wool (Loss of crimps of wool); Coastal disease (Disease of Sheep due to deficiency of Copper and Cobalt (excess of molybdenum) characterized by general debility and severe hypochromic anemia)
• Deficiency of Phosphorus -Enzootic hemoglobinuria; pica; Sulphur ricket
• Deficiency of Sodium -Addison disease; Corneal keratinization 
• Deficiency of zinc -Parakeratosis; Swollen hock syndrome (Poultry)
• Deficiency of manganese -Perosis/ Slipped tendon (Deficiency of choline too) 
•  Deficiency of Cobalt -Enzootic marasmus (poor development in grazing animals); Bush sickness
• Deficiency of magnesium -Grass tetany (Excess of potassium) 
• Deficiency of Iodine -Big neck disease
• Deficiency of Selenium -Ill – thrift (Slower growth rate than expected) 
• Deficiency of Iron -Thump
• Deficiency of fluorine -Dental carries while excess of fluorine causes fluorosis 
• Deficiency of calcium - Osteoporosis; Osteomalacia;  Rickets
• Deficiency of NaCl - Cannibalism 

7

a. (Dhurrin)

Toxic substance of feed

Feed Toxic Substance

Jawar, Sudan grass, Jhonsan weed Dhurin ( Cyanogens)

Cassava( Tapoica) Linamarin ( Cyanogen); Lotaustralin (cyanogens)

Kernel of almond, apricot, and apple Amygdalin ( Cyanogens) 

Rice Selenium cause Dagnala disease

Ground nut cake Aflatoxins

Linseed cake Linamarin and linase ( cyanogens)

Mustard oil cake Isothiocyanate, Glucosinolates (Goitrogenic) 

Cotton seed cakes Gossypol 

Soybean oil cakes Saponin, Phytoestrogens, goitrogenic, Haemagluttin ( Lectin), Trypsin inhibitors ( Bowman bricks and Kunits) 

Antivitamin-  Rachitogen and Antivitamins B12, A

Kidney bean Antivitamin E

Dalhura ( Ginsa weed) Tropane

Ergot Indole

Tobacco (Nicotine) Pyridine 

Senecio, crotolaria, heliotropum Pyrrolizidine 

Lupin Quinolizidine – cause crooked calf disease

Sweet clover ( Warfarin) Coumarin ( Antivitamin K)

Lucaenia legumes Mimosine ( Goitrogen)

Molasses oxalates

Khesari dal lacthyrism

Castor bean Ricin

Clover Isoflavones 

Fusarium Zearalenone

8

b.(Poloxalene)

• Anti – foaming agents to prevent bloat – Poloxalene 
• Two types of bloats are seen: Gaseous bloat and Foam Bloat
• Poloxalene (Co- polymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol, non- ionic surface-active agent used as fecal softener and as bloat preventer).
• For frothy bloat, antifoaming agents such as linseed oil and turpentine (old drugs), nowadays Dimethicone or polaxolene (newer drugs), used that disperse the foam given by means of stomach tube. 
• For gaseous bloat, placement of rumen fistula provides short term relieve for gaseous bloat.

9

d. (Selenium)

• Dullness, stiffness of the joints, loss of hairs, necrosis of tissue on extremities of ear and tail, loss of hairs on tails and hoof deformities are the toxic symptoms of selenium. (Selenium replaces Sulphur in amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, results in synthesis of abnormal structural and enzymes proteins, leads to hoof and hairs defects). 
• Symptoms of Fluorine Toxicity (Fluorosis): Lesion in the developing dentition, skeletal lesions, lameness
• Symptoms of Oxalates Toxicity: Muscles tremors, tetany, weakness, reluctance to move, depression and recumbency (Oxalates combines with calcium forms calcium- oxalates, leads to showing signs of hypocalcemia) 
• Symptoms of Molybdenum Toxicity: Chronic greenish diarrhea, poor production and lameness 

10

c. (Oxalates)

Pusagiant Napier grass and paddy straw contains the metal binding substance called Oxalates. Oxalates binds with Calcium, forming Ca- oxalates, leads to cause deficiency of Calcium.

11

a. (Lecithin)

• Phosphatidyl choline is lecithin.
• Sphingomyelin is sphingolipid that covers cell membrane (especially myelin sheath), consists of phosphocholine and ceramide or a phosphoethanolamine head group.
• Lecithin are mixture of glycerophospholipids including (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid).
• Cephalin is phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. 

12

d. (5-7% of b.wt.)  (Highest DM consuming Domestic animal – Goat)

• The Daily dry feed requirement of milk (lactating) goat: 5-7% of b.wt. 
• The daily dry feed requirement of meat goat: 3-4% of b.wt.
• The daily dry feed requirement of breeding Buck:  3-3.5% of b.wt.
• The factor will largely affect dry matter intake of feeds in goat is the palatability of the rations.
• To make ration bulky for starter kids, Rice- bran should be added. 

13

c. (9)

• Number of trace minerals considered essentials for sheep on the basis of available experimental evidence: 9 (Nine)
• The factors causing the deficiency of energy supply to sheep are as follow:
• a. Either lack of feeding of feed due to draught or snow or
• b. feeding over matured pasture
• A sheep weighing about 30 kg would requires about 400 grams TDN per day
• Insufficient protein intake by sheep results in reduced appetite, poor feed efficiency, Anemia
• First limiting amino acid for sheep: Methionine
• Optimum nitrogen: Sulphur for best utilization of urea in ewes – 10:1

14

b. (Calorimeter)

• The instrument used to measure gross energy of feedstuff: Calorimeter
• Calorimeter is used to measure the heat produced during burning of feedstuff.

15

 a. (70-85%)

• Depending on the age and species concerned, the total dry matter consumed is used for energy regulating body temperature, for maintaining the vital functions of growth, activity, respirations, and production is 70-85%.
• Apparent Digestible Energy = Gross energy intake - Fecal energy
• In cattle and sheep, the fecal energy losses in case of
• Roughage and concentrate are 40-50% and 20-30% respectively. 
• The loss of energy in urine in pig and cattle in relation to gross energy Intake are 2-3% and 4-5% respectively. 
• The percentage of gross energy lost as methane production varies from 6.42 to 9.83%. 
• To determine metabolizable energy in poultry, the factor used to determine the average energy content in uric acid is 8.22 kcal/gm
• To calculate the metabolizable energy from digestible energy, the factor multiply to Digestible energy is 0.82

16

a. (More)

The voluntary intake of protein is more than that of Maize.

17

a. (Cream screw)

• The richness of fat in cream during separation is regulated by cream screw (part of Cream separator machine)
• In cream separator machine, it consists of two separate outlets, one for cream and another for skim milk. To handle small capacity unit, a screw arrangement is provided on cream line just at the outlet point. This screw helps to manipulate the flow rate of cream. 
• The higher the speed of the bowl, the higher will be the fat% in cream. The higher the speed of the bowl, the greater will be the centrifugal force and more rapidly the skim milk leaves the bowl with higher fat% in cream.
• Fat in milk exists in the form of Emulsion. -The average size of fat globules in cow’s milk is 10-12 um -After homogenization, fat globules break in the size less than 4 um (2-4 um). 

18

b. (Leguminous feed)

• Leguminous feed crops are not good for silage making.
• For silage making, feed should be rich in carbohydrates (Sugar) for fermentation and should have moisture content 60-65%. 
• Haylase is low moisture containing silage (moisture content: 40-45%).
• Hay can be stored if moisture content is below 16%

19

b. (16)

• Protein have about 16% of Nitrogen
• 1 gm of nitrogen is present in 6.25 gm of crude protein. So, normally conversion factor is 6.25. By multiply by nitrogen content of feed by 6.25, it’s gives protein content in feed.
• Conversion factor for milk is 6.38 while conversion factor for cotton seed is 5.30 

20

d. (Acyl carrier protein)

• A.C.P. stands for Acyl carrier protein. 
• A.C.P. transports the growing fatty acids chain between enzymes domains of fatty acids synthase during fatty acids biosynthesis.
• AFMA stands for American Food manufacturers Association.

21

c. (70-80%)

• Water content in calf at birth is 70-80%
• Water content in embryo of cattle is 95%
• Water available to domestic animals through oxidative sources is 5-10%.

22

a. (0.5-1 %)

• Ether extract (Feed that soluble in ether) in solvent extracted cake is 0.5-1 %. 
• Normally, in solvent extraction process recovers almost all the oil and leaves behind only 0.5 to 0.7% residual oils in the raw materials.

23

a. (Fructose)

• Sweetest sugar – Fructose 
• Fructose is a monosaccharide with the sweetness of 1.17 to 1.75. Glucose is also monosaccharides with the sweetness is 0.74 to 0.8, while lactose is disaccharides with sweetness 0.16.
• Disaccharide present in fungi and sea weeds- Trehalose
• On hydrolysis of starch, produces Glucose and Dextrin.

24

b. (Collagen)

• Methionine may be replaced in parts by collagen.
• Collagen is main protein of connective tissue
• Elastin is protein found in Elastic tissue.
• Keratin is the protein found in hairs, hoof and nails.

25

c. (68%)

• During glycolysis, glucose reacts with oxygen to release free energy. This free energy is captured in body is by producing ATP from ADP by adding an inorganic phosphate group. And the efficiency of capturing free energy is only 68%
• While in case of B- oxidations, the efficiency of free energy captured is only 65% 

 Note:

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