Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Animal Nutrition (Part-5)

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

1

a. (Sulfonamide drugs)

-Since Vitamin K is obtained from the intestinal flora in sufficient amount to prevent deficiency. On administration of these sulpha drugs, these sulpha drugs acted by increasing the need of these Vitamin K by decreasing it’s absorptions and decreasing it’s bacterial synthesis.

Other Facts related to Vitamins:

• Vitamin B and C are synthesized in rumen.
• Vitamin E deficiency causes Mulberry Heart disease in pig, Exudative diathesis in chicken, and fatal syncope in pigs and calves.
• Vitamin A deficiency causes Xeropthalmia in pig
• Biotin (Vit-H) is part of acetyl CoA carboxylase.
• Liver of polar bear has very high amount of Vitamin- A 
• Vitamin D helps in synthesis of Specific messenger RNA
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) consists of iso- alloxazene nucleus
• Storage site of Vitamin E – Ito cells of liver -Conversion of Vitamin A from Carotene is performed in Epithelial cells of intestine
• 1 IU of Vitamin A is equivalent to 0.6mcg of beta – carotene
• Vitamin A promotes Muco- polysaccharide synthesis by activating Calcium – Molecules
• Ascorbic acid was 1^st isolated by Szent Gyorgi
• Sheep don’t need any additional Vitamin A if the minimum carotene content in ration is 5mg/kg feed  
• Vitamin D stimulates incorporation of P2O5 into Phospholipid of intestinal mucosa. 

2.

c. 80mg/100ml 

Other Facts related to Urea:

• Nickel is essential for urease activity of rumen microbes
• The recommended level of urea in total Dry matter diet in dairy cattle is 1%
• The accepted percentage of total protein in diet of dairy cattle beyond which urea isn’t benefited – 13%
• The bacteria unable to use Ammonia effectively if it’s rumen concentration per 100 ml exceeds (in mg) – 5-8mg/100ml
• Maximum degradability of urea is 100% -80% of nitrogen in urine is in the form of urea
• In urea cycle, ammonification of carbonic acid is done. 
• Minimum Permittable Limit of Urea feeding – 27gm /100kg. B.wt.
• Urea doesn’t feed in following conditions – Young cattle/ lactating/Horse/Pig

3.

b. (Wastelage)

-A silage containing animal organic waste (Poultry dropping, swine excreta) is called Wastelage.

Other facts related to Silage:

• Very good silage has the pH – 3.5- 4.2
• Good silage has the pH – 4.2- 4.5
• Bad silage has the pH – more than 5
• The continual presence of Oxygen in silage deteriorates silage quality.
• Bacteria which allow to propagate in silage is Lactobacillus while Coliform and Clostridium shouldn’t allow to propagate in silage
• Butyric acid and acetic acids contents in certain silage is high because silage have undergone clostridial fermentation.
• Commonest type of silage produced from unwitted grasses, where lactic acid bacteria dominant, fermentation is known as lactate silage. 
• Due to Penta methylene diamine, Adenine, Betaines etc., off smell occurs in silage.
• Layer of silage removed at a time is 3 inches
• Minimum keeping time for silage making – 4 weeks
• Height of filling level of silo – 5 feet
• Plant for making hay/silage should cut at flowering stage
• In legumes silage, molasses should be added
• Temperature of silage is 38 degree C
• pH of the silage is 4
• Pit in ground for silage making – Silo

4.

a. (1.2-1.4:1)

• Desired Ca:P ratio for Dogs is 1.2-1.4:1
• Desired Ca:P ratio for cats is 1:1
• Desired Ca:P ratio in Cow’s milk is 1.2:1 

5.

d. (Cats)

Some facts related to Amino acids

• Taurine is essential amino acid in Cats
• Wheat is deficient in Lysine amino acids while Pulses are deficient in Methionine amino acids
• -Cysteine can be synthesized from methionine
• -1^st limiting amino acids in protein of Groundnut cakes – Lysine
• -Limiting amino acids in meat/bone – tryptophan's; Limiting amino acids in Soyabean- methionine; Limiting amino acids in wheat – Lysine 
• -The percentage of non – essential amino acids in body protein – 40%
• -Bile acids have Cysteine and glycine -Lysine and Arginine are antagonist of each other
• -Increasing order of Toxicity of Amino acids: Threonine <tyrosine <Methionine
• -Example of ketogenic amino acids – Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine while true ketogenic amino acids – Leucine -Total types of amino acids in body- 20, Out of which, number of essential amino acids in Ruminant – zero while in pigs, human – 8
• -Optically inactive amino acids – Glycine while Glutathione, valine, Tryptophan – Optically active
• -Bond present between 2 amino acids – peptide bond
• -In alkaline solution, amino acids act as anion while in acidic solution acts as cations
• -Solution with amino acids at which pH value is electrically neutral – Isoelectric pH
• -Amino acids are soluble in water while insoluble in organic solvent. 

6.

a. (Acid value/number)

• The presence of free fatty acids in fat which causes rancidity of fat, called Acid value/number.
• Rancid number/PV number: Peroxide value (milli- equivalent peroxide per 1 kg of fat) more than 7 seen rancid.
• Saponification Number: the weight of KOH in milligrams, needed to saponify 1 gram of fat.
• Iodine Number:  number of iodine in milligram required to saturate the fatty acids present in 100 mg of oil or fat.
• High grade Carcass have an iodine value of less than 65.

7.

d. (80-120mg/100ml) 

• The Circulatory level of Glucose in Pig – 80- 120mg/100ml
• The Circulatory level of Glucose in Cow - 40-70mg/100ml

Other Facts related to Glucose:

- Glucose is also known as Aldose sugar, Dextrose, Sugar of life, Grape sugar while Fructose is known as Fruit sugar (Sweetest sugar). 

8.

c. (Heparin)

• Heparin, Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin -  Aminopolysachharide
• Glycogen, Starch, Fructans – Non – Aminopolysachharide
• Glycogen is Homopolysaccharide
• Example of Triose Sugar – Glyceraldehyde
• Example of Pentose Sugar – Arabinose
• Examples of Hexose Sugar – Glucose, Erythrose, Galactose

9.  

a. (0.6 liter)

• The amount of water loss through urine in Dog is 0.6 liter
• The amount of water loss through urine in Horse is 5 liters
• The amount of water loss through urine in Cow is 7 liters

10.

b. (Zinc)

• Enzyme carbonic Anhydrase has zinc
• Zinc is derived from metabolic process of kidney
• Zinc deficiency in poultry causes Swollen Hock syndrome while zinc deficiency in pig and cattle causes Parakeratosis 

11.

a.(7mg/day)

• Amount of iron excreted in Sow milk – 7 mg/day
• Requirement of iron in pig is 15mg/day while in chick 9mg/ days
• Excretion of iron occurs in Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, Mensuration etc.
• Iron deficiency causes Microcytic Normochromic Anemia in Calves while Microcytic Hypochromic anemia in pigs/Chicks.
• 0% iron is excreted in urine
• In feed, iron is present as ferric form, while iron absorbed through GI tract as Ferrous form
• Iron absorbed through intestine by active transport
• Iron present in storage tissue as Hemosiderin
• Iron present in the form of ferritin in mucosa of intestine
• In Muscles, Iron is present as Myoglobulin while in plasma, iron is present as Transferrin, while in body, most of iron is found in form of Hemoglobulin

12

a.(C63H80O10PCo)

• Empirical Formula of Vitamin- B12: C63H80O10PCo 
• Empirical Formula of Vitamin- E: C29H50O2
• Empirical Formula of Carbohydrates: Cn(H20) n

13.

d. (18%)

• Crude protein% requirement in Creep Ration of Swine is 18%
• Required % of CP in grower ration of Swine – 16%
• Required % of CP in boar Ration – 14%
• Feed cost in Swine includes 75% of whole rearing cost
• Volatile fatty acids are produced in caecum of Swine
• Nutritive ratio of Starter in Pig is 1:4 
• 1^st limiting Amino acids of Pig – Lysine
• 1 Kg TDN in swine feeding equals to 4500Kcal
• Diet of Pig should be supplied with linoleic acid
• Pellagra in pig is caused due to deficiency of Niacin
• Goose Step Walking caused due to deficiency of both B6 and B3
• Folic acid deficiency in pig causes Both Anemia and Lipopenia
• Diet of pig should be based on Concentrate
• Energy requirement of Pig is expressed as: DE or ME Kcal/ kg ration
• Mineral requirement of Swine depends on Proteins
• Hog should be Self – fed except gestating and Breeding Boar
• Starch cannot be fed to swine up to 2 weeks of age
• Level of iron sulphate in creep fed – 2%
• Level of Crude fiber in diet of Gestating sow – 10-12%
• Average amount of feed consumes by adult pig – 3.5 – 4.5 kg/head/day
• Feeding Schedule for the potential porkers and heavy Hog up to 45 kg B.wt. – Ad lib

 14.

c. (250 gm/ quintal of feed)

• -Level of Rovimix in poultry diet – 250gm/quintal of feed
• -Level of Rovibe in poultry diet – 20 gm/ quintal of feed
• Pearson square concept is used in poultry nutrition to calculate protein
• Yeast should be fed in case of zinc deficiency
• Chelating agents, such as EDTA are sometimes used in Chick ration for increasing zinc Absorption
• Required level of Iodinated casein in poultry – 110- 220 mg/kg of feed
• Poultry nectar is used as flavoring agent in poultry nutrition
• Sodium bentonite is used as pellet binder in poultry nutrition.
• Safety margin for Vitamin in Poultry ration is twice.
• Poultry ration should have 1% linoleic acid and 0.01% antioxidants and 2.3% Calcium
• Basal metabolism production of poultry is 2.75cal/kg live B.wt./ hrs.
• For 0- 6 weeks old chick, methionine should not be less than 0.46%
• Requirement of Vit- A in poultry – 800 IU/kg feed
• Only Essential fatty acids of poultry – Linoleic acid
• Manganese required in maximum amount in poultry rations.
• Ca: P ratio in Broiler Finisher - 155:1
• Protein % in Broiler ration – 19 -24%
• Poultry eats in limit to satisfy its energy needs.
• Feeding requirements of poultry is expressed as – Kg of feed for 100 birds
• Optimum level of fat in poultry diet – 2-5%
• % Of total expense in poultry feed – 60- 65%

15.

c. ( lathyrogen)

• Crippling disease (Lathyrism), neurotoxic disorder affecting people and domestic animals, characterized by irreversible spastic paralysis of hind limb.
• Genistein is a phytoestrogen that occurs naturally in the diet especially in soyabeans, and soy-based foods, are of interest of chemo preventive agents for variety of disease and cancer. 
• Mimosin: Mimosin toxin found in Mimosa pudica, characterized by Alopecia, Anorexia, Weight loss, Hypersalivation, low thyroid concentration etc. 

16.

b. (70%)

• Digestibility of Treated Straw – 70%
• Digestibility of Untreated Straw – 46%
• Straw can be treated with alkali/acid, Salt:
• 4% Ca (OH)2 is used for 4 months in straw treatment
• 12% KOH is used for 4 months in straw treatment
• 2.5% NH4OH is used in straw treatment.

Note:

On Grinding of grain, the digestibility increases while in case of roughage/hay, the digestibility decreases.

17.

a.  (10^9 to 10^11)

• The normal bacterial population, per ml of rumen content – 10^9 to 10^ 11/ml
• The normal protozoal population per ml of rumen content- 10^6/ ml
• Protozoa cannot tolerate a pH value less than 5.5
• Microbial protein has a BV of 0.8
• Under normal condition, pH of ruminal liquor is 5.5- 6.5
• The normal ruminal flora is established at age of 6 weeks
• In total digested microbial protein, the likely % of protozoal origin – 25%
• Immediately after a meal, the gas production in the rumen of cow may exceeds (L/hr.)- 30litre/hrs.
• Mineral that cannot be absorbed by rumen – Ca/Mg while Na+, K+ Co+, Fe+2 is absorbed from Rumen wall.
• Na+, K+ are absorbed against concentration gradient in rumen.
• Rate of lactate absorption in Rumen- 1/10 of Volatile fatty acids
• Volatile fatty acids absorbed in Rumen as Anionic form
• Total Volatile fatty acids in Rumen – 60- 120 meq/litres
• Percentage of Methane Gas in Rumen – 30-60% 

18.

c. (10- 60%)

• Loss of Dry Matter due to effluent – 10-60%
• Loss of Dry Matter due to Anerobic fermentation – 2-10%
• Loss of Dry matter due to Aerobic fermentation – 20% 

19.

b. (Amylo- 1,6- glucosidase)

• Debranching enzymes in glycogen synthesis – Amylo-1,6-glucosidase
• Branching enzymes in glycogen synthesis – Glycosyl- 4,6- transferase
• Branching in molecules of glycogen is more than Starch
•  Degradation of glycogen – Glycogenolysis
• Synthesis of Glycogen – Glycogenesis
• Degradation of Glucose – Glycolysis
• Synthesis of Glucose – Glucogenesis
• Vitamin B12 is participated in Gluconeogenesis
• Gluconeogenesis from lactate and propionate, is common in Ruminants.
• TCA cycle occurs in Mitochondria
• Key molecules for TCA cycle – OAA
• % Of creatinine in skeletal muscles – 0.5%
• -End product of Anaerobic glycolysis – Lactate and Ethanol while End Product of Aerobic Glycolysis – Pyruvate
• When cAMP increases, Glucose synthesis increases
• Enzymes which is present in Liver but absent in muscles – Glucose -6- Phosphatase 

20.

c. (Brain)

• Brain is the organ which depend on insulin for glucose Uptake.
• Glucose gate of cell is opened by Insulin
• Blood glucose level in Laying hen – 139-290 mg/100ml
• Blood Glucose level in Non – Ruminant – 80-120mg/100ml
• Blood Glucose level in Ruminant – 30-70mg/100ml

21.

c. (Rock Phosphates)

-Rock Phosphates are used after Defluorination

Facts related to Fluorine:

• Minimum Permittable limit of Fluorine in Water - 3 ppm
• Excess of Fluorine causes Fluorosis while deficiency of Fluorine causes dental Caries.

22.

c. (Anti egg white injury factor)

• Vitamin H – Anti egg white injury factor
• Vitamin B6 - Anti dermatic factor 
• Vitamin K – Anti hemorrhagic factor 
• Vitamin A – Anti-infective factor
• Vitamin D- Anti rickettsial factor

23.

b. (Beta-  Ketoacetyl ACP synthase)

• Condensation enzymes of Lipogenesis – Beta- Ketoacetyl ACP synthase
• For elongation, Malonyl CoA is used in Endoplasmic reticulum while Acetyl CoA used in Mitochondria.
• Site of Lipogenesis – Liver and Adipose tissue in cattle; Only Adipose tissue in pig; only liver in case of Poultry
• Adipose tissue has only 10-20% of total fat while 50% of total fat depot is in S/C tissue
• Synthesis of Fatty acids occurs in Cytosol -Beta- Oxidation except Activation occurs in Mitochondria
• Activation enzymes of Beta- Oxidation – Thiokinase
• In the diet, ratio of Antiketogenic to Ketogenic food should be less or equal than 2
• Hormones responsible for decreasing blood fat content – Thyroxin
• Cleavage enzymes of Beta- Oxidation – Beta –Ketothiolase
• Beta – oxidation was discovered by Knoop
• Beta – hydroxy butyrate and Aceto- acetic acid are used as a source of the energy preferably by Skeletal muscles
• Examples of Ketone bodies: Acetate, Aceto acetic acid, Beta – hydroxy butyric acid
• Level of Acetate in blood – 10 mg/100 ml

 24

a. (Feed)

• Single Article of food – Feed
• Amount of feed offer to an individual for a specific period – Ration
• Amount of feed consumed by Animal in a given time – Diet  

25.

a.  (Green)

- Color of Bile in Ruminants is Green in color due to presence of biliverdin while color of bile in Non – Ruminant is golden yellow due to presence of bilirubin.

26.

b.(68-72%)

• Concentrate fed to cattle should have 68- 72% TDN
• Production ration have Concentrate in cross breed is 1kg/2 kg milk production while production ration in zebu cattle is 1 kg/3 kg milk production.
• Concentrate that fed to cattle should have 14 -16 DCP
• Requirement of DCP at 5 month of pregnancy is 0.14 kg
• Carotene should be fed to cattle – 4 times more than required rate.
• DM requirement for camel – 2% of their Body weight
• Level of DM in Buffalo feed – 2.5-3% of their Body weight
• Level of DM in Zebu Cattle – 2 -2.5% of their Body weight.
• Amount of succulent in cattle feeds – 2/3 part of total roughage
• Level of mineral mixture and Salt in Cattle feeding – 1% of total concentrate
• For 1 liters of Milk Production, requirement of Mineral is 0.7%

27.

c. (33%)

-One degree C increases Basal metabolic Rate up to 33%

Basal metabolic rate: Number of calories burnt just to perform life sustaining activity.

28.

  a. (Exopeptidase)

• Example of Exopeptidase – Carboxypeptidase, Aminopeptidase and Dipeptidase
• Example of Endopeptidase- Pepsin, Trypsin, Parapepsin
• Amino peptidase and Dipeptidase are peptidase of intestine, also known as Erepsin

29.

a. (Stilbesterol)

• Since Estradiol has a carcinogenic effect, nowadays banned to use as growth promotor.
• Hormones used to increase milk Production are Thyroxin and Growth Hormone
• Hormones are not used as Stimulator in case of Breeding and Pregnant Animals.

30.

a. (Show marked temperature increases due to growth of thermophilic molds)

• Hay stored at high moisture contents (more than 20%), show marked temperature increases due to growth of thermophilic molds.
• In the preparation of Good Quality of Hay, following things should considered:
• Green fodder shouldn’t be exposed to sun for longer period without proper Turning
• The Fodder shouldn’t be exposed to rains
• Rapid Sun drying helps in formation of Vitamin D2 and conservation of Carotene.

Note

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