- Creep ration for Pigs should contain….. % Crude protein: a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 30
2. Calories: Protein ratio in broiler starter must be: a. 122:1 b. 125: 1 c. 129:1 d. 139:1
3. The capacity of goat rumen is …….kg a. 18 b. 38 c. 15 d. 28
- Sheep requires……… kg dry matter per day a. 1-2 b. 2.5-3 c. 3-3.5 d. 3.5-4
5. Dry matter and water intake ratio in ruminants must be: a. 1:1 b. 1:2 c. 1:4 d. 1:6
6. Tricarboxylic acid ( Krebs's cycle/ citric acid cycle) is an …………..cycle a. Aerobic b. Anaerobic c. Any above d. None
7. One Therm is equal to ………… calories: a. 10,000 b. 1000,00 c. 1000,000 d. 1000,0000
- The outstanding value of the cow as a farm animal is her ability to: a. Use roughage b. Use grain c. Understands language d. Produce manure
9. The best way to prevent fatal septicemia in young calves is to make sure that they get: a. Plenty of whole milk b. Skim milk c. Butter milk d. Colostrum
10. Green fodder is more suitable for getting more milk from cows: a. Sorghum b. Berseem c. Maize d. Cowpea
11. Which part of stomach is fully developed in calves of 4 weeks of age: a. Abomasum b. Omasum c. Reticulum d. Rumen
12. Which cake is not suitable for feeding poultry? a. Sal seed cake b. Til cake c. Ground nut cake d. Linseed cake
13. The average weight of one feet^3 silage in a pit silo: a. 10-15 kg b. 18-22 kg c. 28 kg d. 38 kg
14. Which is the best source of phosphorus supplement in poultry? a. Meat meal b. Fish meal c. Wheat bran d. Bone meal
15. Casein content of cow milk is a. 2.5% b. 3% c. 3.2% d. 3.5%
16. On DM basis, berseem leaf contains which of the following percentage of crude protein? a. 23% b. 15% c. 10% d. 5%
17. Animal Body contains calcium: a. 1.3% b. 2.3% c. 3.3% d. 4.3%
18. The thick abrasion resistance lining of Gizzard is formed by the hardening of the secretion of the gizzard gland, is called: a. Keratin b. Creatin c. Cysteine d. Koilin
19. Saliva secretion in chicken per day varies from: a. 2-5 ml b. 7-30 ml c. 40-50 ml d. Nil
20. Out of the given below options, mark the disaccharides: a. Cellobiose b. Trioses c. Tetroses d. Pentoses
21. Melting point of butter fat ( Degree C) is a. 18-20 b. 28-35 c. 40-45 d. 45-50
22. Linoleic acid requirement of chicks and laying hens is a. 3-1.5% b. 2.0-2.5% c. 2.5-3% d. 3.0-3.5%
23. Which protein is soluble in water: a. Albumin b. Globulins c. Glutelins d. Prolamines
24. Which should be the calcium and phosphorus content of the diet of growing animals: a. 2:1 b. 2.5:1 c. 3.3:1 d. 4.5:1
25. The narrow range of the temperature within which no chemical regulations are needed for maintaining the body temperature by an animal is referred as: a. Zone of thermal neutrality b. Zone of adaptation c. Zone of stress d. Adaptability zone
ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS
1
c. (20)
Creep ration for Pigs should contain 22- 24% Crude protein
Facts about Pig:
| Rations | Nutritive Ratio (N.R.) | Crude Protein ( C.P.) | Digestive Energy (DE) (Kcal) |
| Creep ration | 1:4 | 22-24 | 3500 Kcal |
| Starter | 1:4 | 18-20 | 3500 Kcal |
| Grower | 1:5 | 16-18 | 3300 Kcal |
| Finisher | 1:6 | 13-14 | 3300Kcal |
| Gestation | 1:5 | 16 ( 1st 2/3rd – 14%; 2nd 1/3rd -16%) | |
| Furrowing | 1:5 | 14-16% | |
| Lactation | 1:5 | 15-16% | |
| Boar | 1:5 | 14-15% |
- Piglet learns to eat in 2-3 days.
- Crude fiber in pig diet must not be more than 10%
- Pig ration must contain 0.10% linoleic acid for normal growth and skin development.
- The temperature of the drinking water given to the pig must not be below 5-10 C in winter and above 21 C in summer
- Weaning pig consumes water 20 liters per day per 100 kg B.wt.
- When pig attain body wt. of 20-23 kg, they can be switched from the starter to grower diet while when pig attain body wt. 45 kg, they can switch to finisher ration.
- Avitaminosis A in pigs resulted nervous disorder like inco-ordination of gait.
2
a. (122: 1)
- Calories: Protein ratio in broiler starter- 122:1
- Calories: Protein ratio in broiler Finisher- 145:1
- Calories: Protein ratio in layer starter – 130:1
- Calories: Protein ratio in layer grower- 156:1
- Calories: Protein ratio in layer (Laying) ration- 144:1
| S.N. | Poultry | Metabolizable energy (M.E.) (Kcal) | Crude Protein (%) (Minimum) | Crude Fiber (Maximum) | Calories: Protein ratio |
| 1. | Broiler starter ( 0-6 weeks) | 2900 | 22-24% | 6 | 122 |
| 2. | Broiler Finisher( 6 weeks onwards) | 3000 | 19% | 6 | 145 |
| 3. | Layer starter ( 0-8 weeks) | 2700 | 20-22 | 7 | 130 |
| 4. | Layer Grower ( 8-20 weeks) | 2600 | 16 | 8 | 156 |
| 5. | Layer laying ( 20weeks onwards) | 2900 | 18 | 8 | 144 |
| 6. | Breeder ( 20 weeks onwards) | 3000 | 18 | 8 | 190 |
3
d. (28 kg)
The goat’s rumen capacity is 28 kg
the capacity of goat’s reticulum is 23 kg
Facts about Goat
| Goat | DCP % | TDN% |
| Replacement stock (Grower ration) | 10-12% | 68-70% |
| Dry doe | 5-6 % | 50% |
| Finisher goat | 5-6% | 60% |
| Pregnant doe | 15% | 60% |
| Lactating pregnant doe | 15-16% | 50-60% |
| Lactating doe | 15% | 60% |
| Buck | 6% | 50-60% |
- Pregnant Doe having free access to good pasture must be given concentrates- 0.2 to 0.7 kg/day
- During lean period, yearling doe must get 200-500 gms concentrate.
- Dry matter requirement for meat type and lactating goats – (3-4%) and (5-7%) respectively
- Dry matter requirement for breeding buck – 3-3.5% of live weight
- Per 100 kg of B.wt., the water requirement of goat is 2.5- 3.5 kg
- Calcium and Phosphorus per Kg. of live weight in goat must be 147mg each.
4
b. (2.5-3 kg)
- Sheep requires 2.5-3 kg dry matter per day.
- If ‘y’ is digestible protein and ‘x’ is for crude protein, the requirement for sheep can be determined by the regression equation:
- y= 0.929x- 3.48
- To calculate digestible crude protein, multiply digestibility coefficient of crude protein with Crude protein content of feedstuff.
- Optimum growth rate/gain in weight per day in preweaned lamb should be 110-130gm
- Grower ration is given to lambs of body weight of 12-20 kg
- An adult sheep in absence of good quality of fodder must be give 400 gms of concentrates per day
- During breeding season, a ram must be given concentrates of 250-500 gms.
- Under semi range condition if roughage part is taken care by usual grazing, the concentrates in lean period for adult sheep be offered – 150 gm/day
5
c. (1:4)
- Dry matter and water intake ratio in ruminants must be 1: 4
- Calf Starter must contain 20-23% DCP and 70-75% TDN
- Dry milk replacer powder is mixed in boiled water in the ratio of 1:4 or 1:5
- The maintenance requirement of a 500 Kg. buffalo is 0.34kg DCP and 3.7 kg TDN
- Dose of diethylstilbestrol for cattle and sheep is 10mg and 2mg per day in feed mash
- Dose of thyroprotein for cattle and poultry is 30mg and 12 mg per day subcutaneously
- Under carbohydrate rich diet, the production of volatile fatty acids (acetic: Propionic: Butyric= 60:30:10 while in protein rich diet, the production of volatile fatty acids (Acetic: Propionic: Butyric= 70:20:10
- Gas in rumen represents Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and Hydrogen: 65: 25:7:3 -Urea can replace about 30-40% of DCP requirement -Rumen bacterial number varies from 10^9 to 10^11.
6
a. (Aerobic)
- Tricarboxylic acid (Citric acid cycle/ Krebs's cycle) is an aerobic cycle
- Embden- Meyerhof pathway or glycolysis is an anaerobic cycle
- Total moles ATP per mole of glucose Oxidation obtained is 38
- Net gain of ATP per moles of Acetic, Propionic and Butyric acids are 10,17, 25
- Net yield of ATP per mole of glycerol is 22 -Net yield of ATP per mole of Palmitic acid is 129 while total yield of ATP is 131
7
c. (10,00,000)
- One therm is equal to 10,00,000 calories
- One calorie is equal to 4.184 Joules
- Methane contains 13.34 k cal energy per gm.
- If E stands for methane and x for digestible carbohydrate in 100 grams, then equation for methane production in cattle is: E= 4.01x + 17.68
8
a. (Use roughage)
- The outstanding value of the cow as a farm animal is her ability to use roughage.
9
d. (Colostrum)
-The best way to prevent fatal septicemia in young calves is to make sure that they get enough Colostrum, since colostrum contains bioactive components with immune enhancing properties: Immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, α-lacto albumin, β-lactoglobulin, or fat that carries important vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
-Colostrum coagulates on heating due to higher concentration of Albumin and Globulin
Other Factors related to Calves:
- In hand raising calves, it is of great importance that a. Utensils and pens be cleaned; b. clean water and minerals be made
- When cow is exclusively fat at the time of parturition, the calve born is likely to be under size.
- Poor results following the feeding of skim milk to calves may be caused due to faulty feeding methods
- It is well to feed the calf 2 or 3 times daily because: a. Calf’s stomach cannot hold large amount of milk at once; b. Calf takes milk frequently and in small quantity as well as large amount of feed intake may cause diarrhea/ indigestion in calves.
10
b. (Berseem)
- Green fodder more suitable for getting more milk from cows - Berseem
- Best crop for silage making – Maize; Sorghum
- HCN in sorghum is found at the crop stage of Knee height stage
- Best crop for hay making: Oat
11
a. (Abomasum)
-Abomasum is part of stomach that fully developed in calves. A calf is born with an esophageal groove, which consists of muscular folds from the reticulorumen that come together to bypass the rumen, reticulum and omasum through to the abomasum when the calf drinks milk. The suckling reflex and milk protein stimulate the groove to open.
Different compartment of stomach of Ruminants
Compartment of stomach Inner surface
Rumen Towel like
Reticulum Honey- Comb
Omasum Ladies- purse
Abomasum Smooth - surface
12
a. Sal seed cake
- Sal seed cake, Mustard cake are not suitable for feeding poultry.
- Sal seed cakes is not suitable for feeding poultry, as it contains tannins, which adversely affects the utilizations of other proteins.
- Although, mustard cake is superior to ground nut cake as it contains more quality protein and lysine, it is not fed to poultry because of presence of glycosides and goitrogen.
- Cakes that can be fed to poultry are linseed cake, til cake and ground nut cake.
- Cotton seed cake is helpful for granular ghee production.
13
b. (18-22 kg)
- The average weight of one feet^3 silage in a pit silo is 18-22 kg while the average weight of one feet^3 silage in a trench silo is 15-16 kg
- Moisture % in good silage: 60-70%
- Moisture % in hay should not be more than 15%
14
d. (Bone meal)
-Best source of phosphorus supplement in poultry is Bone Meal.
15
a. (2.5%)
- Casein content in cow’s milk is 2.5%
- Legal standard for Fat and solid not fat in standardized milk is 4.5% and 8.5% respectively
- Fat and SNF percentage in toned milk: 3% and 8.5%
- Fat and SNF percentage in double toned milk: 1.5% and 9%
- Fat and SNF percentage in Skim Milk: 0.5% and 8.7%
- Fat and SNF percentage in Recombined milk: 3% and 8.5%
16
a. (23%)
-On the basis of dry matter, berseem leaves contain 23% of crude protein.
17
a. (1.3%)
-Animal body contains 1.3% calcium.
18
d. (Koilin)
The thick abrasion resistance lining of gizzard is formed by hardening of the secretion of the gizzard glands, called Koilin.
19
b.(7-30 ml)
-Saliva secretion in chicken per day varies from: 7-30ml
-Volume of Saliva secretion in cattle per day: 117 liters per day
-pH of the Chicken Saliva is 6.7- 6.9 -Mucus secreted by crop is acidic and has pH of 4.7-4.9
-pH of the Pig Saliva is 7.32 -Gastric juice is highly acidic and has pH 4.0-4.4
20
a. (Cellobiose)
- Example of Disaccharides: Cellobiose, Sucrose, lactose and Maltose
- Examples of Monosaccharides: Glucose (Dextrose), Fructose, Galactose, Xylose and Ribose
- Examples of Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Galactogen, Cellulose and Chitin
21
b. (28-35)
- Melting point of butter fat is 28-35 degree C
- Melting point of beef tallow (rendered fat or Raw fat) is 44-46 degree C
- Melting point of Milk fat is 33- 33.5 degree C
22
a. (1.3-1.5%)
- Linoleic acids requirements of chicks and laying hens is 1.3-1.5%
- Laying hens deficient in linoleic acid lay fewer and smaller eggs with markedly reduced fertility and hatchability
- Alpha- linolenic acids and Linoleic acids are essential fatty acids for chicks
23
a. (Albumin)
- Protein soluble in water: Albumins
- Heat coagulated Protein: Albumin
- Protein soluble in dilutes acid and alkali: Glutelin
- Keratins, Elastin and Collagens are the fibrous proteins
24
a. (2:1)
-Calcium and phosphorus content in the diet of growing animals – 2:1
Important Facts about Minerals
- Normal Calcium level in blood: 9-11mg/dl
- Normal phosphorus level in blood: 4-7mg/dl
- Normal Magnesium level in blood: 1.7-3mg/dl
- Normal Glucose level in blood: 50-60mg/dl
- Efficiency of assimilation of milk phosphorus is 96%
- Thyroxine contains approximately 65% of iodine
- The requirement of selenium in sheep and cattle is 0.1ppm
- Animal body contains 0.2% of Sulphur.
- Bone contains Magnesium up to 1.5%
- Animal body contains iron up to 0.004%
- Requirement of Calcium and Phosphorus for cattle for one day for maintenance purpose – 14 grams
- Requirement of calcium and phosphorus for one kg milk production in cattle is 2.3 and 2.0 gram respectively
25
a. (Zone of thermal neutrality)
- The narrow range of the temperature within which no chemical regulations is needed for maintaining the body temperature by an animal is referred as zone of thermal neutrality.
- The thermos neutral zone describes a range of temperatures of the immediate environment in which a standard healthy adult can maintain normal body temperature without needing to use energy above and beyond normal basal metabolic rate.
- Within the TNZ, the basal rate of heat production is equilibrium to the heat loss to the external environment.
- The temperature for zone of thermal neutrality or thermal comfort for pigs is (20-26 degree C) for dogs: 20-30 degree C; for Horse: 5-30 degree C; For normal adult Cattle: 0 C to 25 C)
Note:
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