The nitrogen – carbon balance experiment has been used to obtain data on the
a. Gain or loss of body protein or fats
Some Facts related to Carbon - Nitrogen Balance
- The nitrogen- carbon balance experiment has been used to obtain data on gain or loss of body proteins or fat. The main forms in which energy is stored by the growing and fattening animal are protein and fat, for the carbohydrate reserves of the body are small and relatively constant.
- The quantities of protein and fat stored can be estimated by carrying out a carbon and nitrogen balance trial; that is by measuring the amounts of these elements entering and leaving the body and so, by difference, the amounts retained.
- The quantity of protein stored is calculated by multiplying the nitrogen balance by 100/16 (=6.25), for body protein is assumed to contain 16% nitrogen. It also contains 51.2% carbon, and the amount of carbon stored as protein can therefore be computed.
- The remaining carbon is stored as fat, which contains 74.6% carbon. Fat storage is therefore calculated by multiplying the carbon balance, less that stored as protein, by 100/74.6= 1.34
Data obtained from comparative slaughter trials indicates that the net energy for maintenance requirement for both steer and heifer is equal to about: a.0.077 Mcal/kgW^0.75 b. 0.770Mcal/kg W^0.75 c.All d. None
a. 0.077 Mcal/kgW^0.75
-Data obtained from comparative slaughter trials indicates that the net energy for maintenance requirements for both steer and heifers (Fasting heat production) is equal to (0.077 Mcal/kgW^0.75) i.e., 77 Kcal while for lactating animal is equal to (0.080Mcal/kgW^0.75).
What are Comparative Slaughter trials?
- Most accurate method for determining recovered energy is Comparative slaughter technique
- In this method, at first feed a group of animals a common diet for 2 weeks
- Then, slaughter a portion of group of animals and grind carcass and organs, determine energy on whole body(E1)
- Feed several levels of feed to remaining animals for a period of time
- Slaughter remaining animals and grind carcass and organs
- determine energy (E2) on whole body -Retained energy = E2- E1
- NE, Mcal/kg= Retained energy/ Dry Matter intake (Assume a linear relationship)
- Use of NE for maintenance, body weight gain or lactation, determined by regression.
In a respiration apparatus, where the same air is continuously circulated, with provision for the removal of the waste products and the addition of oxygen is known as
a. Closed type respiratory apparatus
In open type respiratory apparatus, air is exhaled directly into the ambient atmosphere while in a closed-circuit device, exhaled air is recycled by using an alkaline scrubber to remove the carbon dioxide and replenish the consumed oxygen with oxygen from a solid, liquid, or gaseous source.
Glucose when given to fasting animals (avoiding rumen fermentation) would be utilized without any increase in heat production, or in other words with apparent calorimetric efficiency of about: a.100% b. 50% c. 80% d. None
a. 100%
-When glucose is given to fasting animals (Avoiding rumen fermentation) is utilized without any increase in heat production, or in other words, the apparent calorimetric efficiency is 100%.
Kellner's starch equivalent values are values for
a. Body fat production
Kellner's Starch Equivalent Value
- Kellner’s starch equivalent value are values for body fat production.
- One kg of starch fed in excess of maintenance requirement produced 248 g of body fat or since 1 gram of fat is equivalent to 9.5 Kcal, the NE value of 1 kg of starch for fattening is 2360 Kcal (2.36 Mcal). Kellner expressed the energy value of feedstuff by its fat producing ability relative to that of pure starch.
- Taking starch as the unit, the fat producing power of proteins, fats, and carbohydrate was calculated by him as follow:
- One kg of digestible starch produces 248 gm of body fat, it’s starch equivalent value is 248/248= 1 One kg of digestible protein produces 235 gm of body fat, it’s starch equivalent value is 235/248= 0.95 Starch equivalent
Scandinavian feed unit system evaluates food in terms of the production they promote in the animal and is in relation to the values of a common food
b. Barley
Scandinavian feed Unit system
- Scandinavian feed unit system evaluates food in terms of the production they promote in the animal and is in relations to the common food i.e., Barley
- Professor Fjord formulated the Scandinavian feeding standard. In this system only one factor, namely, the feed unit was taken into account. The value of one pound of common grain such as corn, barley or wheat, is given as one unit value and the value of all other foods is based upon this. According to this standard one feed unit is required for each 150 lbs. of body weight and an additional unit for every three pounds of milk production. This feeding standard was based upon the actual milk production record of the farm animals.
- Further as per modification to this standard it was suggested that in addition to feed unit,0.065 lbs. of digestible crude protein (DCP) per 100 lbs. body weight and 0.05 lbs. of DCP per lbs. of milk production should be given to the animals.
The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for lactation is around: a.70% b. 20% c. 50% d. None
a. 70%
-The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for lactation is around 70%.
Partition Of Feed Energy
- Gross Energy (Intake energy present in feed) – Fecal energy = Digestible energy
- Digestible energy – energy lost in urine and methane production = Metabolizable energy
- Metabolizable energy – energy used in heat increment = Net energy
- Net energy is used for maintenance and for production purpose
The idea that the feed requirements of a lactating animals must vary in accordance with the composition of the milk was first recognized by
a. Haecker
- The idea that the feed requirements of a lactating animals must vary in accordance with the composition of the milk was first recognized by Haecker.
- Weendy’s system of proximate analysis is given by Hohenberg and Stohman.
- Founder of science of Nutrition or Father of Nutrition is Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
- Pure Vit – C was isolated by Waugh and King
- Scandinavian feeding system based on Barley as the standard is introduced by Hanssen
- Starch Equivalent system was designed by Kellner
- 1st accurate respiration calorimeter is constructed by Rubner
- Physiological fuel value was devised by Atwater
Largest unit of energy measurement is
c. Calories, Kcal
- Units of Energy: Calories, Kilocalories, Erg, Joules while watt is the unit of Power
- 1 Kilocalories = 1000 calories
- 1 calories = 4.2 Joule
- 1 gm calories = 41840000 (4.184 * 10^ 7) ergs
Number of high energy phosphate bond in ATP is a.1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
b. 2
- Number of high energy phosphate bond in ATP is 2.
- Reserve form of ATP in muscles is Creatinine Phosphates.
- ATP is a nucleotide that consists of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose. The phosphate tail of ATP is the actual power source which the cell taps.
GE value (Gross energy) per gram is maximum in
d. Stearic acid
- Among all options, Gross energy value is maximum in stearic acids.
- The gross energy (GE) value of a feed is the amount of heat liberated when it is burned in a bomb calorimeter
- Gross energy in feces comes from both undigested feed and metabolic debris and secretions.
Instrument used for measuring energy metabolism in animal is known as
a. Respiration calorimeter
- Respiration calorimeter is an apparatus for measuring the gaseous exchange between a man or lower animals and the surrounding atmosphere with particular reference to the oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide eliminated and simultaneously the quantity of energy given out in the form of heat and work in order to determine the relations of these factors to the food and drink consumed and to body activity.
- Bomb calorimeter is the device which is used to measure the amount of heat that given off when sample (feed) is burned, measures cross caloric value of feed.
- Psychometeric chamber is part of Air Conditioner, responsible for creating consistent conditions of temperature, humidity, pressure and airflows.
For fat production in body, highest ATP is formed by
d. Glucose
-For fat production in body, highest ATP is formed by Glucose, among following options.
Identify the measure of Net energy
b. SE) (Starch Equivalent unit
- Kellner’s starch equivalent value are values for body fat production
- Net energy is used for maintenance and for production purpose, Body fat production comes under growth.
- TDN talks about Digestible energy, since TDN measures how much quantity of fodder is digested and how much quantity is wasted.
- Nutritive ratio is the ratio of digestible protein to other nutrients in a foodstuff or ration, measures of the value of a feeding ration for growth (or milk production) compared with its fattening value.
Highest priority for ME use in body is
c. Fetus Growth
- 1st priority of ME is growth of fetus followed by other.
- Metabolizable Energy is used for Heat increment, Voluntary activity, Basal Metabolism, and other as Net energy (Reproduction, Lactation, Growth, Exercise).
The Zein is the protein which is
c. Slowly degraded in the rumen
- Zein (Maize’s protein is slowly degraded in the rumen)
- Rumen undegradable protein is defined as that portion of dietary protein that escapes degradation by ruminal microorganisms and is passed into the small intestine for digestion and absorption.
- About 60% of protein in the ration should be rumen degradable to meet needs of microbes.
Combustible gas that produced in rumen fermentation is
b. Methane
Major gases that produced during rumen fermentation are Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and Hydrogen in the ratio of 65:27:7:1
18.
c. (Narrowing Acetate: Propionate ratio)
- Low heat production by rumen, manipulation is possible through narrowing Acetate: Propionate Ratio
- Out of total daily heat production of cow fed a maintenance ration, 7 to 8% from fermentation of ruminal ingesta.
Other facts related to Rumen:
- Anaerobic condition of rumen is measured by redox potential of rumen -Rumen Biohydrogenation of fatty acids takes places in acids that are unsaturated
- Rumen Microbial protein synthesis is limited when a deficient element is Sulphur
- Rumen butyric acid conversion to ketone bodies takes place primarily in Rumen epithelium
- In presence of large rumen amino acids pool, Ammonia conversion to microbial protein is reduced
- Important amino acids source for post rumen digestion for high production is now considered as Undegradable proteins
- Inspite of energy loss, rumen methanogenesis plays an important part in regeneration of NAD by accepting Hydrogen.
- Voluntary feed intake in ruminants depends on fast rate of passage of digesta and fluid from rumen
Low heat production by rumen, manipulation is possible through
b. Roughage to concentrate ratio is narrow
Computation of ration on total –N basis will have low productive value when Roughage to concentrate ratio is narrow.
Computation of ration on total –N basis will have low productive value when: a.Quality of roughage is improved b. Roughage to concentrate ratio is narrow c. Protein content of ration is raised d. None
c. Vitamin A
- Dietary essential vitamin on straw roughage based complete diet is Vitamin A.
Dietary essential vitamin on straw roughage based complete diet is
c. Beta 1-4 glucose- glucose
- Cellulose hydrolysis yields a disaccharide having linkage as beta 1-4 glucose- glucose.
- As the main component of lignocellulose, cellulose is a biopolymer consisting of many glucose units connecting through beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Breakage of the Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond by acids leads to the hydrolysis of cellulose polymers, resulting in the sugar molecules glucose.
Cellulose hydrolysis yield a disaccharide having linkage as
a. Saliva
- Major route for recycling urea in a ruminant under low –N and normal carbohydrate intake is Saliva \
- Ammonia produced in the liver is detoxified by conversions to urea, urea can then is recycled directly into the rumen, SI or Large intestine, it can enter the rumen in saliva.
- Ammonia is absorbed at high Ph.
Major route for recycling urea in a ruminant under low –N and normal carbohydrate intake is
c. Promoting high feed intake
- Antibiotics residues in calf starter rations results in better growth response due to promoting high feed intake.
- Antibiotics could increase the rate of growth of young pigs and chicks when included in their diet in small amounts.
Antibiotics residues in calf starter rations results in better growth response due to
b. Cattle
- Tongue is the major prehensile organ of Cattle
- Principle prehension organ of Horse is lips
- Pointed lower lips is the main prehension organ of pigs
Tongue is the main prehensile organ of: a.Horse b. Cattle c. Pigs d. Dogs
b. Sodium
- The large intestine is the major site of absorption of Sodium.
- Glucose is absorbed in Jejunum -In ruminant, water is absorbed in Omasum and Large Intestine
- Calcium is absorbed at duodenum, at acidic medium
- Iron is absorbed through intestine through active transport.
The large intestine is the major site of absorption of
c. Small intestine
- Maltase is produced from small intestine
- Two types of cells in SI (Exocrine and Endocrine): Exocrine cells of SI produces mucus, peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, lipase while endocrines cells of SI produce Secretin and Cholecystokinin.
- Livers secretes bile juice in response to secretin, while bile juice releases from gall bladder in response to cholecystokinin.
- Ptyalin (Salivary amylase) is produced from Mouth
- Rennin, pepsins, lipase is produced from Gastric Mucosa
- Pancreas produces pancreatic juice, contains enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase)
Maltase is produced from which of the following
b. Fructose
- Sweetest carbohydrate is Fructose
- More sweet sugar – Fructose> sucrose> Glucose> Lactose
- Fructose is a monosaccharide with the sweetness of 1.17 to 1.75. Glucose is also monosaccharide with the sweetness of 0.74 to 0.8. Lactose is a disaccharide with sweetness 0.16.
- Percentage of glucose in the sugar of honey is 40%
- Percentage of fructose in sucrose is 50%
Which is the sweetest carbohydrate?
c. Cellulose
-The association of lignin with hemicellulose and cellulose in a feed markedly reduces the digestibility of Cellulose.
The association of lignin with hemicellulose and cellulose in a feed markedly reduces the digestibility of
a. 10 ATP moles
- The net gain per mole of acetic acids absorbed and metabolized in ruminants is 10 ATP moles.
- The net gain of ATP per mole of glycerol is 22 ATP
- The net gain of ATP per mole of butyric acid is 25 ATP
- The net gain of ATP per mole of propionic acid is 17 ATP
- The net gain of ATP per mole of glycogen (Anaerobically) and (Aerobically) are 3 and 39 ATP respectively.
- 1 mole of Palmitic acid gives 130 ATP
- 1 mole of Glucose metabolism) and aerobic and anaerobic produces 38 and 2 ATP respectively
The net gain of ATP per mole of acetic acid absorbed and metabolized in ruminant is: a.10 ATP moles b. 12 ATP moles c. 17 ATP moles d. 25 ATP moles
b. 20 degree C
- Oils are generally those lipids which are liquid at 20 degree C
- The main difference between fats and oils is that fats are composed of high amounts of saturated fatty acids which is solid at room temperature while oils are composed of high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, which are liquid at room temperature.
Oils are generally those lipids which are liquid at
d. 80%
- Water content of the body of a newborn calf is less than 80%
- Water content of the body of the steer(fat) is more than 40%
- Percentage of water in animal body is 73% of total body weight, out of intracellular water is 70% of total water while extracellular is 30% of total water.
- Percentage of water in spinal fluid is 99%
- Percentage of water in Dentine is 10%
- Percentage of water in blood is 82%
- Percentage of water in Fatty acids is 0%
- Water content in grain is 30-40%
- Water content decreases as seed mature.
- Water requirement for Zebu cattle is less than Bos Taurus
- Body water is inversely proportionate to fat content and age of animal
- Maximum water is present in Gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract of animal
Other than water content:
- Protein percent in the body of sheep(thin) is about 16%
- Ash percent in the body of sheep(thin) is about 4.4%
- Calcium percent in the body of steer is about 1.3%
Water content of the body of the new- born calf is less than: a.50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%
d. Bones
- Most of the magnesium is present in Bone
- Metal that presents in pinnaglobulin is Manganese
- Hemocyanin contains copper
Most of the magnesium is present in
b. Emulsification of fat
- During Digestion, bile acids help in emulsification of fat.
- The process of emulsification of fats occurs in small intestine where the bile salts act upon on fats and they are broken into small aggregates. This process aids the lipase enzymes to act upon the fats by providing larger surface area and digestions of fats takes place.
Note:
Bile salts are made up of bile acids that are conjugated with glycine or taurine. Glyco- bile and tauro- bile acids are referred as Conjugated bile acids.
During Digestion, bile acids help in
b. Linoleic
-Most effective essential fatty acids are linoleic
Which is the most effective essential fatty acids
c. Amino acids make-up
-From the standpoint of nutrition, the important distinguishing features of the various proteins is their Amino acids make up.
Note
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From the standpoint of nutrition, the important distinguishing feature of the various protein is there