Vitamin- K deficiency seen by the injection of
a. Sulfonamide drugs
-Since Vitamin K is obtained from the intestinal flora in sufficient amount to prevent deficiency. On administration of these sulpha drugs, these sulpha drugs acted by increasing the need of these Vitamin K by decreasing it’s absorptions and decreasing it’s bacterial synthesis.
Other Facts related to Vitamins:
- Vitamin B and C are synthesized in rumen.
- Vitamin E deficiency causes Mulberry Heart disease in pig, Exudative diathesis in chicken, and fatal syncope in pigs and calves.
- Vitamin A deficiency causes Xeropthalmia in pig
- Biotin (Vit-H) is part of acetyl CoA carboxylase.
- Liver of polar bear has very high amount of Vitamin- A
- Vitamin D helps in synthesis of Specific messenger RNA
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) consists of iso- alloxazene nucleus
- Storage site of Vitamin E – Ito cells of liver -Conversion of Vitamin A from Carotene is performed in Epithelial cells of intestine
- 1 IU of Vitamin A is equivalent to 0.6mcg of beta – carotene
- Vitamin A promotes Muco- polysaccharide synthesis by activating Calcium – Molecules
- Ascorbic acid was 1st isolated by Szent Gyorgi
- Sheep don’t need any additional Vitamin A if the minimum carotene content in ration is 5mg/kg feed
- Vitamin D stimulates incorporation of P2O5 into Phospholipid of intestinal mucosa.
Urea toxicity results when rumen NH3 level exceeds (mg/100ml)
c. 80mg/100ml
Other Facts related to Urea:
- Nickel is essential for urease activity of rumen microbes
- The recommended level of urea in total Dry matter diet in dairy cattle is 1%
- The accepted percentage of total protein in diet of dairy cattle beyond which urea isn’t benefited – 13%
- The bacteria unable to use Ammonia effectively if it’s rumen concentration per 100 ml exceeds (in mg) – 5-8mg/100ml
- Maximum degradability of urea is 100% -80% of nitrogen in urine is in the form of urea
- In urea cycle, ammonification of carbonic acid is done.
- Minimum Permittable Limit of Urea feeding – 27gm /100kg. B.wt.
- Urea doesn’t feed in following conditions – Young cattle/ lactating/Horse/Pig
A silage containing animal organic waste (poultry dropping, swine excreta) is called
b. Wastelage
-A silage containing animal organic waste (Poultry dropping, swine excreta) is called Wastelage.
Other facts related to Silage:
- Very good silage has the pH – 3.5- 4.2
- Good silage has the pH – 4.2- 4.5
- Bad silage has the pH – more than 5
- The continual presence of Oxygen in silage deteriorates silage quality.
- Bacteria which allow to propagate in silage is Lactobacillus while Coliform and Clostridium shouldn’t allow to propagate in silage
- Butyric acid and acetic acids contents in certain silage is high because silage have undergone clostridial fermentation.
- Commonest type of silage produced from unwitted grasses, where lactic acid bacteria dominant, fermentation is known as lactate silage.
- Due to Penta methylene diamine, Adenine, Betaines etc., off smell occurs in silage.
- Layer of silage removed at a time is 3 inches
- Minimum keeping time for silage making – 4 weeks
- Height of filling level of silo – 5 feet
- Plant for making hay/silage should cut at flowering stage
- In legumes silage, molasses should be added
- Temperature of silage is 38 degree C
- pH of the silage is 4
- Pit in ground for silage making – Silo
Desired Calcium: Phosphorus ratio for dogs is
a. 1.2-1.4:1
- Desired Ca:P ratio for Dogs is 1.2-1.4:1
- Desired Ca:P ratio for cats is 1:1
- Desired Ca:P ratio in Cow’s milk is 1.2:1
Taurine is essential amino acids in
d. Cats
Some facts related to Amino acids
- Taurine is essential amino acid in Cats
- Wheat is deficient in Lysine amino acids while Pulses are deficient in Methionine amino acids
- -Cysteine can be synthesized from methionine
- -1st limiting amino acids in protein of Groundnut cakes – Lysine
- -Limiting amino acids in meat/bone – tryptophan's; Limiting amino acids in Soyabean- methionine; Limiting amino acids in wheat – Lysine
- -The percentage of non – essential amino acids in body protein – 40%
- -Bile acids have Cysteine and glycine -Lysine and Arginine are antagonist of each other
- -Increasing order of Toxicity of Amino acids: Threonine <tyrosine <Methionine
- -Example of ketogenic amino acids – Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine while true ketogenic amino acids – Leucine -Total types of amino acids in body- 20, Out of which, number of essential amino acids in Ruminant – zero while in pigs, human – 8
- -Optically inactive amino acids – Glycine while Glutathione, valine, Tryptophan – Optically active
- -Bond present between 2 amino acids – peptide bond
- -In alkaline solution, amino acids act as anion while in acidic solution acts as cations
- -Solution with amino acids at which pH value is electrically neutral – Isoelectric pH
- -Amino acids are soluble in water while insoluble in organic solvent.
The number of KOH required to neutralize the free organic acids in 1 gram of fat is called as
a. Acid value/number
- The presence of free fatty acids in fat which causes rancidity of fat, called Acid value/number.
- Rancid number/PV number: Peroxide value (milli- equivalent peroxide per 1 kg of fat) more than 7 seen rancid.
- Saponification Number: the weight of KOH in milligrams, needed to saponify 1 gram of fat.
- Iodine Number: number of iodine in milligram required to saturate the fatty acids present in 100 mg of oil or fat.
- High grade Carcass have an iodine value of less than 65.
Circulatory level of Glucose in pig (mg/100ml)
d. 80-120mg/100ml
- The Circulatory level of Glucose in Pig – 80- 120mg/100ml
- The Circulatory level of Glucose in Cow - 40-70mg/100ml
Other Facts related to Glucose:
- Glucose is also known as Aldose sugar, Dextrose, Sugar of life, Grape sugar while Fructose is known as Fruit sugar (Sweetest sugar).
Which of the following is Amino polysaccharide?
c. Heparin
- Heparin, Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin - Aminopolysachharide
- Glycogen, Starch, Fructans – Non – Aminopolysachharide
- Glycogen is Homopolysaccharide
- Example of Triose Sugar – Glyceraldehyde
- Example of Pentose Sugar – Arabinose
- Examples of Hexose Sugar – Glucose, Erythrose, Galactose
In dog, the amount of water loss through urine per day is
a. 0.6 liter
- The amount of water loss through urine in Dog is 0.6 liter
- The amount of water loss through urine in Horse is 5 liters
- The amount of water loss through urine in Cow is 7 liters
Enzyme carbonic anhydrase has which element
b. Zinc
- Enzyme carbonic Anhydrase has zinc
- Zinc is derived from metabolic process of kidney
- Zinc deficiency in poultry causes Swollen Hock syndrome while zinc deficiency in pig and cattle causes Parakeratosis
Amount of iron excreted in Sow milk: a.7 mg/day b. 8 mg/day c. 10mg/day d. 12mg/day
a. 7mg/day
- Amount of iron excreted in Sow milk – 7 mg/day
- Requirement of iron in pig is 15mg/day while in chick 9mg/ days
- Excretion of iron occurs in Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, Mensuration etc.
- Iron deficiency causes Microcytic Normochromic Anemia in Calves while Microcytic Hypochromic anemia in pigs/Chicks.
- 0% iron is excreted in urine
- In feed, iron is present as ferric form, while iron absorbed through GI tract as Ferrous form
- Iron absorbed through intestine by active transport
- Iron present in storage tissue as Hemosiderin
- Iron present in the form of ferritin in mucosa of intestine
- In Muscles, Iron is present as Myoglobulin while in plasma, iron is present as Transferrin, while in body, most of iron is found in form of Hemoglobulin
Empirical Formula of Vitamin B12 is a.C63H88O14PCo b. C63H84O14PCo c. C60H84O12PCo d. C63H80O10PCo
a. C63H80O10PCo
- Empirical Formula of Vitamin- B12: C63H80O10PCo
- Empirical Formula of Vitamin- E: C29H50O2
- Empirical Formula of Carbohydrates: Cn(H20) n
13.
d. (18%)
- Crude protein% requirement in Creep Ration of Swine is 18%
- Required % of CP in grower ration of Swine – 16%
- Required % of CP in boar Ration – 14%
- Feed cost in Swine includes 75% of whole rearing cost
- Volatile fatty acids are produced in caecum of Swine
- Nutritive ratio of Starter in Pig is 1:4
- 1st limiting Amino acids of Pig – Lysine
- 1 Kg TDN in swine feeding equals to 4500Kcal
- Diet of Pig should be supplied with linoleic acid
- Pellagra in pig is caused due to deficiency of Niacin
- Goose Step Walking caused due to deficiency of both B6 and B3
- Folic acid deficiency in pig causes Both Anemia and Lipopenia
- Diet of pig should be based on Concentrate
- Energy requirement of Pig is expressed as: DE or ME Kcal/ kg ration
- Mineral requirement of Swine depends on Proteins
- Hog should be Self – fed except gestating and Breeding Boar
- Starch cannot be fed to swine up to 2 weeks of age
- Level of iron sulphate in creep fed – 2%
- Level of Crude fiber in diet of Gestating sow – 10-12%
- Average amount of feed consumes by adult pig – 3.5 – 4.5 kg/head/day
- Feeding Schedule for the potential porkers and heavy Hog up to 45 kg B.wt. – Ad lib
Crude protein in Creep ration of Swine is: a.10% b. 13% c. 16% d. 18%
c. 250 gm/ quintal of feed
- -Level of Rovimix in poultry diet – 250gm/quintal of feed
- -Level of Rovibe in poultry diet – 20 gm/ quintal of feed
- Pearson square concept is used in poultry nutrition to calculate protein
- Yeast should be fed in case of zinc deficiency
- Chelating agents, such as EDTA are sometimes used in Chick ration for increasing zinc Absorption
- Required level of Iodinated casein in poultry – 110- 220 mg/kg of feed
- Poultry nectar is used as flavoring agent in poultry nutrition
- Sodium bentonite is used as pellet binder in poultry nutrition.
- Safety margin for Vitamin in Poultry ration is twice.
- Poultry ration should have 1% linoleic acid and 0.01% antioxidants and 2.3% Calcium
- Basal metabolism production of poultry is 2.75cal/kg live B.wt./ hrs.
- For 0- 6 weeks old chick, methionine should not be less than 0.46%
- Requirement of Vit- A in poultry – 800 IU/kg feed
- Only Essential fatty acids of poultry – Linoleic acid
- Manganese required in maximum amount in poultry rations.
- Ca: P ratio in Broiler Finisher - 155:1
- Protein % in Broiler ration – 19 -24%
- Poultry eats in limit to satisfy its energy needs.
- Feeding requirements of poultry is expressed as – Kg of feed for 100 birds
- Optimum level of fat in poultry diet – 2-5%
- % Of total expense in poultry feed – 60- 65%
Level of Rovimix in poultry diet is (gm/quintal of feed)
c. lathyrogen
- Crippling disease (Lathyrism), neurotoxic disorder affecting people and domestic animals, characterized by irreversible spastic paralysis of hind limb.
- Genistein is a phytoestrogen that occurs naturally in the diet especially in soyabeans, and soy-based foods, are of interest of chemo preventive agents for variety of disease and cancer.
- Mimosin: Mimosin toxin found in Mimosa pudica, characterized by Alopecia, Anorexia, Weight loss, Hypersalivation, low thyroid concentration etc.
Crippling disease occur due to
b. 70%
- Digestibility of Treated Straw – 70%
- Digestibility of Untreated Straw – 46%
- Straw can be treated with alkali/acid, Salt:
- 4% Ca (OH)2 is used for 4 months in straw treatment
- 12% KOH is used for 4 months in straw treatment
- 2.5% NH4OH is used in straw treatment.
Digestibility of treated Straw is
On Grinding of grain, the digestibility increases while in case of roughage/hay, the digestibility decreases.
The normal bacterial population, per ml of rumen content is
a. 10^9 to 10^11
- The normal bacterial population, per ml of rumen content – 10^9 to 10^ 11/ml
- The normal protozoal population per ml of rumen content- 10^6/ ml
- Protozoa cannot tolerate a pH value less than 5.5
- Microbial protein has a BV of 0.8
- Under normal condition, pH of ruminal liquor is 5.5- 6.5
- The normal ruminal flora is established at age of 6 weeks
- In total digested microbial protein, the likely % of protozoal origin – 25%
- Immediately after a meal, the gas production in the rumen of cow may exceeds (L/hr.)- 30litre/hrs.
- Mineral that cannot be absorbed by rumen – Ca/Mg while Na+, K+ Co+, Fe+2 is absorbed from Rumen wall.
- Na+, K+ are absorbed against concentration gradient in rumen.
- Rate of lactate absorption in Rumen- 1/10 of Volatile fatty acids
- Volatile fatty acids absorbed in Rumen as Anionic form
- Total Volatile fatty acids in Rumen – 60- 120 meq/litres
- Percentage of Methane Gas in Rumen – 30-60%
Loss of Dry matter due to effluent is
c. 10- 60%
- Loss of Dry Matter due to effluent – 10-60%
- Loss of Dry Matter due to Anerobic fermentation – 2-10%
- Loss of Dry matter due to Aerobic fermentation – 20%
Debranching enzymes in glycogen synthesis is
b. Amylo- 1,6- glucosidase
- Debranching enzymes in glycogen synthesis – Amylo-1,6-glucosidase
- Branching enzymes in glycogen synthesis – Glycosyl- 4,6- transferase
- Branching in molecules of glycogen is more than Starch
- Degradation of glycogen – Glycogenolysis
- Synthesis of Glycogen – Glycogenesis
- Degradation of Glucose – Glycolysis
- Synthesis of Glucose – Glucogenesis
- Vitamin B12 is participated in Gluconeogenesis
- Gluconeogenesis from lactate and propionate, is common in Ruminants.
- TCA cycle occurs in Mitochondria
- Key molecules for TCA cycle – OAA
- % Of creatinine in skeletal muscles – 0.5%
- -End product of Anaerobic glycolysis – Lactate and Ethanol while End Product of Aerobic Glycolysis – Pyruvate
- When cAMP increases, Glucose synthesis increases
- Enzymes which is present in Liver but absent in muscles – Glucose -6- Phosphatase
For Glucose, which organ is insulin dependent
c. Brain
- Brain is the organ which depend on insulin for glucose Uptake.
- Glucose gate of cell is opened by Insulin
- Blood glucose level in Laying hen – 139-290 mg/100ml
- Blood Glucose level in Non – Ruminant – 80-120mg/100ml
- Blood Glucose level in Ruminant – 30-70mg/100ml
Which of the following is used after defluorination?
c. Rock Phosphates
-Rock Phosphates are used after Defluorination
Vitamin –H (Biotin) is also known as
- Minimum Permittable limit of Fluorine in Water - 3 ppm
- Excess of Fluorine causes Fluorosis while deficiency of Fluorine causes dental Caries.
Condensation enzyme of lipogenesis is which of the following?
c. Anti egg white injury factor
- Vitamin H – Anti egg white injury factor
- Vitamin B6 - Anti dermatic factor
- Vitamin K – Anti hemorrhagic factor
- Vitamin A – Anti-infective factor
- Vitamin D- Anti rickettsial factor
Single Article of food is known as
b. Beta- Ketoacetyl ACP synthase
- Condensation enzymes of Lipogenesis – Beta- Ketoacetyl ACP synthase
- For elongation, Malonyl CoA is used in Endoplasmic reticulum while Acetyl CoA used in Mitochondria.
- Site of Lipogenesis – Liver and Adipose tissue in cattle; Only Adipose tissue in pig; only liver in case of Poultry
- Adipose tissue has only 10-20% of total fat while 50% of total fat depot is in S/C tissue
- Synthesis of Fatty acids occurs in Cytosol -Beta- Oxidation except Activation occurs in Mitochondria
- Activation enzymes of Beta- Oxidation – Thiokinase
- In the diet, ratio of Antiketogenic to Ketogenic food should be less or equal than 2
- Hormones responsible for decreasing blood fat content – Thyroxin
- Cleavage enzymes of Beta- Oxidation – Beta –Ketothiolase
- Beta – oxidation was discovered by Knoop
- Beta – hydroxy butyrate and Aceto- acetic acid are used as a source of the energy preferably by Skeletal muscles
- Examples of Ketone bodies: Acetate, Aceto acetic acid, Beta – hydroxy butyric acid
- Level of Acetate in blood – 10 mg/100 ml
Color of Bile juice in Cattle is
a. Feed
- Single Article of food – Feed
- Amount of feed offer to an individual for a specific period – Ration
- Amount of feed consumed by Animal in a given time – Diet
Concentrate fed to cattle have how much TDN?
a. Green
- Color of Bile in Ruminants is Green in color due to presence of biliverdin while color of bile in Non – Ruminant is golden yellow due to presence of bilirubin.
One degree C increases basal metabolic rate up to
b. 68-72%
- Concentrate fed to cattle should have 68- 72% TDN
- Production ration have Concentrate in cross breed is 1kg/2 kg milk production while production ration in zebu cattle is 1 kg/3 kg milk production.
- Concentrate that fed to cattle should have 14 -16 DCP
- Requirement of DCP at 5 month of pregnancy is 0.14 kg
- Carotene should be fed to cattle – 4 times more than required rate.
- DM requirement for camel – 2% of their Body weight
- Level of DM in Buffalo feed – 2.5-3% of their Body weight
- Level of DM in Zebu Cattle – 2 -2.5% of their Body weight.
- Amount of succulent in cattle feeds – 2/3 part of total roughage
- Level of mineral mixture and Salt in Cattle feeding – 1% of total concentrate
- For 1 liters of Milk Production, requirement of Mineral is 0.7%
Pepsin isn’t an example of
c. 33%
-One degree C increases Basal metabolic Rate up to 33%
Basal metabolic rate: Number of calories burnt just to perform life sustaining activity.
Which of the following hormones synthesis is banned?
a. Exopeptidase
- Example of Exopeptidase – Carboxypeptidase, Aminopeptidase and Dipeptidase
- Example of Endopeptidase- Pepsin, Trypsin, Parapepsin
- Amino peptidase and Dipeptidase are peptidase of intestine, also known as Erepsin
Hay stored at high moisture content (more than 20%)
a. Stilbesterol
- Since Estradiol has a carcinogenic effect, nowadays banned to use as growth promotor.
- Hormones used to increase milk Production are Thyroxin and Growth Hormone
- Hormones are not used as Stimulator in case of Breeding and Pregnant Animals.