Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Extension (Part -2)

c. Law of effect

• There are 3 major learning theories:
• a. Stimulus - Response theory: It’s assume that man’s environment ( stimulus) shape his behavior (Response). Four important law of this S-R theory are:
• ‘People learn more rapidly and permanently when the learning experience is pleasant and enjoyable’ relates to Law of effect.
• A satisfying state of affairs results when an individual is ready to learn and is allowed to do so - Law of Readiness
• The law of exercise stated that what is practiced is learned states that a practice is forgotten when discontinued. So, continued practice is necessary for retention of what is learnt. According to this law, behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response.
• The principle of belongingness explains that concepts, elements, or skills are more easily learned if they are perceived as belonging together i.e.. cause and effect; known and unknown; old and new; specific and general.
• b. Cognitive Theory: stated that man’s perception or understanding of stimulus shapes his behavior nor the stimulus alone.
• c. Motivation Theory: Stated that motivation factors either internal or external that drive individual toward goals.

b. Principle of clarity

• Learning should make sense to the learners’ comes under principle of Clarity.

a. Abstraction

• The extension workers tell about the variety characters to a farmer, the farmers learns by Abstraction

b. Philosophy

• A body of general principles or law of a field of knowledge - Philosophy
• A blue print for action - plan
• Measuring performance against predetermined goals - Evaluation
• something toward which effort is directed - objectives

b. Democratic

• The most preferred approach in Extension work – Democratic
• Autocratic approach- there is dictatorship, where main leader hold maximum power over group.
• Leissez faire approach- where individual farmers takes decision as their own, there is no place for discussion.

c. PERT

• The technique used for projects involving activities of non- repetitive nature – PERT
• PERT ( Project Evaluation and Review technique) - Visual project management tool used to map out and track the tasks and timelines.
• Father of PRA ( Participatory Rural Appraisal) – Robert Chambers
• The collection of data in RRA ( Rapid Rural Appraisal) is based on Multidisciplinary team
• CPM ( Critical Path Methods) - Resource-utilization algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities.
• A work-breakdown structure (WBS) in project management and systems engineering is a deliverable-oriented breakdown of a project into smaller components.

b. Village

• The general micro unit of an agro ecosystem – Village

c. CES

• Full form of CES: Cooperative Extension Service
• Under the “Smith Lever Act”, Cooperative Extension Service is created in USA. CES is the Cooperative arrangement between the government, Land Grant College and the people. It is a partnership agency in which government, LGC sit in council with rural people and together analyze local conditions, take stock of their resources, and ,make and help to carry out programs for the financial, educational and social benefit of the community and it’s individual’s members.
• CES of USA is the 1st organized extension work in world
• Full form of RES: Research and Education space
• Full form of NES: National Extension Service

b. Morilla Act

• Land Grant Colleges came into existence as part of Morilla Act.
• Morilla Act was passed in 1862, under which land grant college was started having 3 folds functions i.e. Teaching, Research and Extension. This act provided grants of public land to state for establishing and maintaining at least one Agriculture college in each state. The main aim of this college is to acquire a new knowledge and to diffuse research recommendation related to agriculture among the people.
• Hatch Act was passed in 1887, under which the provision of establishing experiment station in each land grant college in field of agriculture. Thus, a tradition of extension work began in the form of demonstration, farmer’s institute, printed bulletin and correspondence courses in agriculture.
• By the end of 1914, Smith Lever - Act created CES where officials of government( Federal, State and Local )sit together with LGC in council with rural people and together analyze the local conditions, take stock of their resources and make and help to carry out programs for the financial, educational and social benefits of the community and it’s individual members.

c. Common

• The word Communis means the “common” .

b. Exploratory

• Level of Communication are Exploratory
• Some important Facts about Communication:
• Kinds of Communication
• According to forms: Written, Pictorial, Spoken, Gesture, Communication with self ( thinking), Communication through actions ( Drama), communication through touch( buying clothes from market), Communication by visual symbols (Traffic lights), Tele- communication ( via phone).
• Rules of Effective Communication:
• Effective communication can be developed by applying 21 simple rules: @ TOMATO CATSUP AND SAUCES
• T- Thoroughly understand your audience o - Organize yourself M - Make sure what you are talking about A - Avoid the ambiguous message
• T- Take time to explain the message O- obtain feedbacks C- Cultivate listening A- Avoid Extremes
• T- Talk, not continuously S- say what you mean U - Use technical words only when unavoidable circumstances P- pay attention to little talks
• A - Avoid using irritating names N - never use fancy words to impress D - Dramatize the main points by examples
• S - speak clearly, accurately and briefly, slowly using simple words A- Avoid double meaning words U - Use controlled gesture and tone
• C- Choose the proper condition E - Establish rapport S- Select and use suitable teaching methods

b. Treatment

• The way in which message is handled before placing in the channel – Treatment
• Different Models of Communication Channel
• Aristotle’s model: Speaker - Speech - Audience
• Shammon Weaver’s Model: Source - Transmitter - Signal - Receiver - Destination
• Westley and Maclean Model (Used in Military) : Sender - Encoding - Channel - Decoding - Receiver
• Lieagan’s model: Communicator - Message - Channel - Treatment - Audience - Response of Audience
• Berlo’s model: Communication Source - Encoder - Message - Channel - Decoder - Receiver
• Simple Model: Communicator Source- Message - Channel - Receiver - Effect

a. Active Audience

• The type of Audience, best suited for communication process – Active audience
• Different Types of Audiences:
• -Active Audience
• Passive Audience
• The Experts
• The Laypeople
• The Managers
• The Technicians
• The Hybrids

d. Heterophily

• The degree which individuals involved in communication differs in certain characteristics -Heterophily
• Homophily refers to the degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are similar with respect to certain attributes, such as beliefs, values, education, social status, etc. Heterophily is the degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are different with respect to certain attributes.

a. Interpersonal communication

• Constant feedback between sender and receiver is the characteristics features of Interpersonal communication.

a. Berlo

• The SMCR model of communication is given by Berlo .
• The term Innovation decision process was given by Rogers
• The term Homophily and Heterophily were given by Lazersfield and Merton
• The theory of Social Change was put forward by K. Lewin
• “Agriculture finance is the study of financing the farm business” - this definition has been given by: Murray and Nelson

c. Liquid crystal Display

• LCD expands to Liquid Crystal Displays.

a. Direct projection

• -The principle used in slide – cum film projector- Direct projection
• Slide - cum film projector projected slides on a screen through optical instruments, same as opaque projectors
• cannot project 3- dimensional images

a. Electronic medium

• Amplifier is a Electronic medium
• An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal. Amplifiers are used in wireless communications and broadcasting, and in audio equipment of all kinds. They can be categorized as either weak-signal amplifiers or power amplifiers.

a. Red, Blue, Yellow

• Primary color used in Extension are Red, Blue and Yellow.
• Three categories of Colors in Extension:
• -Primary color: Red, Blue and Yellow ( All colors are made of this three colors )
• Secondary color: Green (yellow and Blue),Orange (yellow and red) and Purple (red and blue) ( secondary colors made from mixture of primary color)
• Tertiary color: Color made by mixing primary and secondary colors ( Brown and Grey)

d. All

• -The teaching aid which best suit representing suspense, sequence and story telling effects are Flash cards, Flannel graph and flip cards etc.

b. Accuracy, Brevity and Clarity

• The ABC of Journalism is related to: Accuracy, Brevity and Clarity.

c. Farmers to farmers

• The technology flow in the farmers 1st model is basically from Farmers to farmers.

a. Diffusion

• The spread of technology in a social system: Diffusion
• The idea which is perceived as new – Innovation
• The decision to make use of innovation as best course of action – Adoption
• 1st stage in process of adoption according to Roger – Attention
• Adopters categories are the classification of the members of the social system on the basis of Innovativeness
• Innovators – Venturesome
• Discontinuance occurs only after an innovations has been fully adopted.
• An activity through which an individual becomes aware of the objectives around one self and of events taking place – Perceptions
• ( An innovation can be considered to have originated from 1. farmers research; Extension Programme; Research trail
• An innovation with low relative advantage may have slow rate of adoption, high rate of discontinuance and low returns on investments.

d. All

• Major Component in Training Process:
• Training need assessment
• Training program development
• Implementation of training program
• Evaluation