Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Extension (Part-1)

Group Formation Process:

• Forming: 1st step characterized by dependence, safe, and patterned behavior where group leader guide and provide sufficient direction to other members.
• Storming: 2nd step characterized by competition and conflict among members of groups for leadership, power and authority.
• Norming: Characterized by cohesion in interpersonal relationship, where group members respect all member’s contributions for maintenance, group formation and solving the group’s issue.
• Performing: Characterized by more productive, highly task oriented, where group members work independently in a sub - group or in a group with equal facility.
• Adjoining: termination of task and disengagement from group relationship.

Difference Between Formal and Informal Institution

Types of Norms:

• Folkways: Norms that stem from and organizes casual interactions. prohibition of this norm is not punishable. Dress code, hair style etc.
• Mores: Norms that structures the difference between right and wrong. Prohibition of this norm is punishable. Crime, murder, theft etc.
• Taboo: Strong negative norms, violating it results in extreme disgust. Prohibition of Vaccination of animal against FMD due to misbelief, is an example of Taboos.
• Law: Norms that formally inscribed at state or federal level.

Two types of Culture:

-Material culture: Includes all the things that transferred as a part of collective social life. For example: preparation of food, manufacture of steel, the computers and the landscaping of garden.
-Non- Material Culture: Includes the words, symbols, music, ideas of the social systems. The most important ideas are attitudes, values, and norms. Ex. Swastik sign, Om deuda song, Chandi Nach, Maruni Nach etc.
-Overt Culture: refers to culture (action) that is easily observable. Examples of Overt culture: Running, dancing, Smiling etc.
-Covert culture refers to culture that is not observable, includes mental processes. Examples of Covert Culture: thinking, dreaming, Attitude etc.

Characteristics of social change:

-Universal in nature
-Inevitable
-Continuous process

Forms of Social Change:

-Evolutionary change: Change that do not occurs of sudden but occur gradually, but it appears as it occurs suddenly.
-Fluctuating Change: Change that fluctuates like waves, sometimes towards progress while sometimes towards degrees.
-Cyclic Change: Changes that occurs in a cyclic manner, in which previous events reoccurs.

Elements of Teaching- Learning Situation:

Five essential elements of Teaching- Learning Situation:
-Instructor: (Extension teacher)
-Learner:
-Subject matter:
-Teaching equipments and materials: (projectors, board, chalk and duster; markers, books, journals)
-Physical facilities: Classroom environment (extra sound, ventilation facility)

Steps in Learning process (Steps of Extension Teaching process)

• -Attention (Getting attention of the learners)
• -Interest (Stimulating learner’s interest)
• -Desire (Arousing learner’s desire for information)
• -Conviction (Convincing the learners that he would go for action)
• -Action (Getting actions by the learners)
• -Satisfaction (Ascertaining satisfaction from actions) .

Main Objectives of the Community Development Programme are:

• To assist in Building good panchayat, Co- operatives and Schools
• -Provides Minimum Health Services
• -Providing recreational facilities
• -Person that overseeing the community development activities at block level – Block Development Officer

Principles of Community Development

-Go to the people - Live with the people - work with the people
-start the program from what they have - plan with the people

Extension Teaching Methods

On the Basis of Use:
-Individual Teaching methods- Farm and Home visits, Office calls, personal letter, telephone calls, result demonstration, e- mail, mobile, modern communication technology etc.
-Group Teaching methods- Method demonstration, result demonstration, field trip/tour, all kind of meeting, Group discussion, Training, Lecture, workshop and seminar.
-Mass Teaching Methods- All printed materials, Broadcasting media, social media like Facebook, G- mail, Website, Exhibitions, Campaign etc.
On the basis of Forms:
-Written form: All printed materials, Personal letters, Circular letters etc.
-Spoken form: General and specific meetings of all kinds, Discussion, Farms and Home visit, Office call, Radio etc.
-Visual form: Demonstrations, Exhibition, Posters, Charts, Slides, Motion Picture, and other visual aids.
-Spoken and Visual forms: Meeting at result demonstrations, meeting involving motion pictures, Television etc.
-Electronic forms: Radio, T.V., Computer, Laptop, Mobile, social media likes E- mail, Facebook, Website, Telephone.

Note:

-One important limitation of Radio – One way Communication
-Most appropriate teaching method during disease outbreak is Campaign
-Combination of all three extension teaching methods ( Individual, Group and Mass) - appropriate extension teaching methods.

Types of Teaching Aids (Instructional Aids)

• -Printed Media: Textbook, Workbook, Study guides, pamphlet, Reference book, Newspaper, Magazine, Reference book
• -Audio aids: Radio, Phonograph, Tape recorder
• -Visual aids: Chalk board, still pictures
• -Non- Projected aids: Phonograph, Illustrations ; Projected Aids: Slides, film Strips, Opaque Projectors, Overhead projectors
• -Graphic materials: Charts, Graphs, Maps Posters
• -Exhibitions: Schoolmate displays, Bulletin Boards, Museums, Planned boards and felt boards, Objects - Specimen and models
• -Audio- Visual Aids: Motion pictures, Television, Video Demonstration and Dramatization
• -Community Resources: Field trips and resources persons.

Basic steps involved in Program planning and Actions:

• -Collect facts
• -Analyse situation
• -Identify needs and problems
• -Decide Objectives
• -Develop plan of work
• -Execute plan
• -Evaluation
• -Reconsiderations

On the basis of land holding in Acres

• Marginal Farmers: < 1 hectare
• -Small Farmers - 1-2 hectare
• -Semi - Medium - 2-4 hectare
• -Medium- 4- 10 hectare
• -Large - 10 hectare and above

Types of Farming

• -Extensive farming: In extensive farming it is the only land, which is increased to get more yield, other factors remain unchanged.
• -Intensive Farming: Under such farming, in contrast to extensive farming, more labour and capital is used in the same plot of land to get more yields.
• -Specialized farming: The farm from which 50% or more income is derived from a single enterprise viz. crops, livestock, dairy, poultry, etc., such farm is called specialized farm.
• -Mixed farming: Mixed farming is one where crop production is combined with the rearing of the livestock. If a farm produces at least 10 % (at most 49%) of produce from livestock. the said farm would be called as mixed farm.
• -Diversified farming: A diversified farming is one that has several production enterprises or sources of income. But no source of income should produce more than 49% of income.
• -Co operative farming: In this type of farming all the members have the right of ownership in the business.The members voluntarily pool their resources for running the business and there is no pressure other than cooperative members.
• -Capitalistic farming: In capitalistic farming the investment of land and capital is done by big business person or capitalist. Wages are paid to the laborers employed.
• -Cooperate farming: It has the characteristics just like capitalistic farming, but the right of ownership is on the basis of shares taken by the member. Profit is distributed according to share of members.
• -State Farming: Government carries out state farming. Farm managers are employed for conducting day-to-day agricultural operations. The farm may be mechanized or un- mechanized depending upon the size of the farm. The Government provides finances as well as other facilities and also fixes the policy to be adopted. The profit or loss is entirely borne by the Government.
• -Collective Farming: Collective members surrender their land, livestock and implements to society. Members elect a managing committee, which is responsible for allocation of work, distribution of income and marketing of surpluses.
• -Pheasants farming: Farmers follow Agricultural Practices in their own way & managers & organizers of their farm business. Entire farm family members make decisions.

Different Types of Leaders:

• -Traditional leaders: They are traditional minded and characterized by traditional values, attitudes. They generally resists new technology and do not believe in change.
• -Political leader: They are born out of conflict and struggle for political power.
• -Autocratic leader: They like to hold maximum power on their hand. The leader alone formulate the policy of the group. They try to maintain social distance from their members.
• -Democratic leader: They believe in democracy. They allow maximum participation of members in decision making. Such leaders work for general welfare of community.
• -Laissez- faire leaders: Such leaders give complete freedom for group or individuals in decision making. They believe that if you have workers, the work will be done itself. They only supply information and materials when asked. This type of leadership may leads to low productivity, lack team work and another leader may arrive.
• Institutional leaders: They are the leaders whose power are most formalized i.e. they work on rules and regulations made by the institution.
• -Beurocratic Leaders: Leaders who are paid officials of government are beurocratic leaders. They are punctual, and discipline in their work.
• -Professional leaders: They are experts in some specific field. Examples: Extension workers.
• -Situational leaders: They are born out of critical situation. When there is no one to lead or control the situation, situational leader are born.
• -Lay leader: They are not well trained in leadership but work as leader for part time. They are also called volunteer leader. Example: Youth club president.

Note

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