Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Medicine (Part-4)

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

1.

b. (Immature (migratory) fluke)
Severe pathogenesis in paramphistomiasis is caused by Immature (migratory) flukes.
Paramphistomiasis (Stomach fluke disease) is important pathological condition of ruminants, caused by migrating paramphiostome fluke ( P.cervi (rumen fluke); P.gotoi; P. microbothrium; Gygantocotyle explanatum) characterized by persistent fetid diarrhea, depression, dehydration, anorexia.
Planorbids snails are the intermediate host.
-Adult flukes are more or less harmless and reside in the rumen, causes focal loss of rumen papillae at the point of their attachment. Maximum and severe pathogenesis is caused by immature flukes, particularly in duodenum and upper ileum, causes severe hemorrhage from point of attachment.
Sedimentation and decanting technique is used to diagnose of acute amphistomiasis based on identification of immature fluke in feces.
In case of Gygantocotyle explanatum, which affects bile duct, gall bladder, and sometimes duodenum, causes superficial hemorrhagic spot indicating point of attachment. In heavy infection, paleness of liver, even fibrosis is seen.

2.

d. (All)
Ivermectin is highly effective in treatment of all (Ascariasis in pig, Stephanofilariasis in buffalo, External and Internal parasites).
Ivermectin used as Dewormer, used to treat multiple species of internal and external parasites. Internal parasites (Gastrointestinal worms primarily roundworms) in horse, cattle, pig, sheep and goats as well as lungworm in cattle and pigs. Also used to treat external parasites includes lice, mites etc. In human, it is used to treat onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.
-Ivermectin is semi synthetic drug obtained from microbes “Strep avermitilis “
Mechanism of Actions: Ivermectin binds to Ivermectin binding sites receptors present at Post synaptic neurons leads to causes hyperpolarization due to influx of large amount of Chlorine, causes tonic paralysis of worm. It also potentiates GABAergic transmission in worms leads to tonic paralysis.
In fluke and tapeworm, (Glutamate gated Chloride channel) is absent, so it is not effective in them.

3.

c. (Babesia divergens)
-Pipe stem feces (caused by spasms of the anal sphincter) are caused by Babesia divergens and B. bovis .
Babesiosis (Tick fever; Piroplasmosis; Splenic fever; Biliary fever) is a tick (Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor, and Ixodes) of cattle and buffalo (Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, Babesia divergens, Babesia major); Horse (Babesia equi, Babesia caballi); Sheep (Babesia motasi, Babesia ovis); Pig (Babesia trautmanni); Dog (Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni); Cat (Babesia felis), characterized by fever, anemia, hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria and Pipe stem feces.

4.

d. (Fascioloides magna)
The immature stage of Fascioloides magna liver flukes is continuously migrates in the liver parenchyma so severely without causing encapsulation in such a way that only one or two fluke can kill a sheep.
Fascioloides magna (Giant liver flukes): Fascioloides magna is distinguished from other Fasciola spp. by its large size and lack of an anterior projecting cone, found in domestic and wild ruminants.
In cattle, flukes mature, the intense encapsulation response forms a closed cyst, so eggs rarely pass out of animals and pathogenicity and severity is low in cattle while in sheep and goats, encapsulations do not occur, and the parasites migrate in the liver and other organs, causing tremendous damage, even only one or fluke can kill a sheep.
Note: Fasciola gigantica is found in tropical region while Fasciola hepatica mainly hilly regions.
Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Lancet liver fluke) of ruminants, its 1st intermediate host is snails, from where cercaria emerges and are aggregated in a mass of sticky mucus (slime ball). These slime balls are ingested by second intermediate host, ant where metacercaria form in ant’s abdominal cavity. When these parasite with intermediate host, ingested by definitve host, excysted in SI, migrates to the bile duct and cause infections.

5.

a. (Piglet)
Thumps is the characteristics clinical signs seen in ascariasis in pig.
-Large roundworm of pig (Ascaris suum) live in SI of Pig, produces large number of eggs.
-Earthworm and dung beetle serve as paratenic hosts for Ascaris suum.
Ascariasis causes decrease growth rate in young ones, cause mechanical obstruction of intestine, migration through liver, causes hemorrhage, fibrosis, and accumulation of lymphocyte seen as white milk spots in liver. In heavy infection, larva migrates to lungs, causes pulmonary edema and consolidation of lung. Heavy infected pigs show excessive abdominal breathing (Thumps).

6.

b. (Pulmonary osteoarthropathy)
Sequalae of Canine spirocercosis i.e. Canine spirocercosis can leads to Pulmonary osteoarthropathy.
Spirocerca lupi infestation ( Canine Spirocercosis), bright red worm, generally located within nodules in the oesophagus, gastric or aortic wall of dog. Dog get infected by eating an intermediate host (usually dung beetle) or transport host (chicken, reptiles or rodents).
The larva migrates via wall of celiac artery to thoracic aorta, characterized by aneurysm of thoracic aorta, reactive granulomas in esophagus, sometimes often develop hypertrophic osteopathy.

7.

c. (Abomasum)
Adult Haemonchus contortus worm found in Abomasum.
-Haemonchus contortus (Barber’s pole worm; wire worm and Stomach worm) is most pathogenic blood sucking nematodes of sheep, goat and cattle, found in abomasum of these animals characterized by severe anemia and anasarca.
Infective stage of Haemonchus contortus - L3 stage larva

8.

d (Oesophagostomum dentatum)
Thin sow syndrome in pig occurs over a period of months, with gradual declining body condition until 10 to 30% of animals have a body condition score between 1 and 2, arises due to inadequate nutrition or poor-quality feed failing to satisfy the bodily need of the sow.

9.

b. (Stephanofilaria zaheri)
Ear sore in buffalo, caused by Stephanofilaria zaheri
Stephanofilaria stilesi infestation (Filarial dermatitis of cattle) is a small, filarial parasite that causes a circumscribed dermatitis along the ventral midline of cattle between the brisket and naval. The intermediate host of S.stilesi is horn fly ( Haematobia irritans).
Stephanofilaria assamensis is the cause of common Chronic ulcerated growth at the base of dewclaws in cattle.
-Stephanofilaria boomkeri causes skin lesion in pigs.

10.

c. (T. hirci)
T. hirci is recorded in goats while T. annulata, T.parva, T.mutans are recorded in Cattle.

11.

b. (Histomonas meleagridis)
-Black head disease of poultry is caused by Histomonas meleagridis.
Histomonas meleagridis, an anaerobic protozoan is the causative agent of histomoniasis (black head disease), primarily transmitted in the egg of the cecal nematodes, Heterakis gallinarum. Earthworm can act as paratenic host for Heterakis gallinarum, containing larva of Histomomas meleagridis, characterized by listlessness, reduced appetite, drooping wings, unkempt feathers, yellow fecal dropping in later stage of disease.

Note:

Lipeurus caponis, (wing louse) is grey, slow-moving lice, found close to the skin.

12.

d. (Dollar spot)
Dourine is characterized with dollar spots.
Dourine, also known as covering sickness, is a serious or fatal infestation of protozoan Trypanosoma equiperdum, affects horse, donkeys, and mules characterized by slow and progressive disease, marked by period of apparent recovery, followed by relapse, usually ending in death and presence of dollar spots.

13.

b. (Theileria)
-Rakshya Vac- T is vaccine for Theileria

14.

b. (Ehrlichiosis)
Thrombocytopenia (low thrombocyte count) is the persistent character of Ehrlichiosis.
Ehrlichiosis (Canine rickettsiosis; Nairobi bleeding disease) is disease of domestic animals characterized by high rise in temperature, generalized enlargement of lymph node, depression, loss of body condition, anaemia, thrombocytopenia caused by Rickettsia (Ehrlichia), transmitted through bite of ticks ( Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma).

15.

a. (Persistence of right aortic arch)
Previously healthy puppy began vomiting when 1st fed on solid diet. There is no fever and immediately returns to liquid diet, no vomition occurs. Congenital anomaly of cardiovascular system responsible is Persistence of right aortic arch.
Persistence right aortic arch is the most common vascular ring anomaly in dogs (German shepherd) and also reported in cattle, horse, cats, where right aortic arch fails to regress normally, resulting in entrapment of esophagus and trachea at the level of heart base. The most common clinical signs associated with persistence of right aortic arch is regurgitation.
Dextro rotation of aorta: Dextrorotation of aorta occurs when aorta override the interventricular septum to the right ventricular side.

16.

b. (Swine erysipelas)
-Vegetative endocarditis is one of the chief lesions found in swine erysipelas.
Swine Erysipelas (Diamond skin disease) is an infectious disease of pigs characterized by appearance of diamond shaped skin lesion in acute form and suppurative and vegetative endocarditis in chronic form, caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (gram positive bacillus).
-Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is economically important, contagious viral disease of equids caused by Equine arteritis virus characterized by Skin reaction, lacrimation, periorbital edema, scrotal edema, depression, limb edema, nasal discharge etc.
Hog cholera (Swine fever) is acute, highly contagious viral disease of pigs characterized by rapid and sudden onset, high morbidity and mortality, with generalized hemorrhages, caused by pestivirus of family Flaviviridae. Lesion associated with Hog cholera: Infarcted spleen; Turkey’s egg appearance of kidney and Button ulcer in caecum and colon.

17.

d. (A tar like bloody anal discharge together with complete suppression of bowel evacuation)
In intussusception in bovine, one of the most important symptoms - there is a tar like bloody anal discharge together with complete suppression of bowel evacuation.
Intussusception is a life- threatening illness and occurs when a portion of the intestine folds like a telescope, with one segment slipping inside another segment, causes an obstruction, preventing passage of food that is being digested through intestine.

18.

b. (Gentamicin)
Antibiotics of choice for use in mastitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is Gentamicin.
Antibiotics of Choice for Mycoplasma - Tylosin
Antibiotics of Choice for Gram positive bacteria: Penicillin

19.

d. (All)
A deficit of greater than 10% of body water is associated with depression, sunken eyes, recumbency and moribund state.

Clinical Signs associated with Dehydration

Characteristics	Mild dehydration	Moderate Dehydration	Severe dehydration
Weight loss (%)	3-5 %	6-9%	>10%
Behavior	Normal	Normal to listless	Normal to lethargic or comatose
Thirst	Slight	Moderate	Intense
Mucus membrane	Normal	Dry	Dry
Eyes	Normal	Sunken	Deeply sunken
Skin turgor	Normal	Decrease	decrease
Blood pressure	Normal	Normal	Normal to decreased
Heart rate	normal	Increase	Increase
Urine output	Decrease	markedly decreased	Anuria

20.

c. (Hypothyroidism)
Thickened, puffy skin (Myxedema) is most consistent with Hypothyroidism.
Clinical signs associated with hypothyroidism conditions:
-Fatigue, Increase sensitivity to cold, constipation, puffy skin, weight gain, muscles weakness and hoarseness
Clinical signs associated with Hypotrichosis
Alopecia, thin eyebrow, thin eyelashes, sparse body hair, Thin scalp hair

21.

a. (Liver disease)
Photosensitization is an increased susceptibility of skin to damage caused by ultraviolet light, occurs especially in those area, lacking significant protective hairs, wool or pigmentation affects all species, but most commonly seen in cattle, sheep, goat, horses.

Two types of photosensitization:

a. Primary photosensitization: Primary photosensitization occurs when the photodynamics agents is either ingested, injected or absorbed through skin, these agents enter the systemic circulation in its native form, reaches the skin, damages the skin when it is exposed to UV light. Example of Primary photosensitizing agents: hypericin (St.john’s wort); Fagopyrin (Buckwheat).

b. Secondary photosensitization: It is most frequent type of photosensitivity observed in livestock, in which photosensitizing agents (phylloerythrin)accumulates in plasma because of impairs hepatobiliary excretion. Phylloerythrin is derived from the breakdown of chlorophyll by microorganism present in the GI tract. Phylloerythrin, but not chlorophyll, is normally absorbed into the circulation and effectively excreted by liver into bile. failure to excretion phylloerythrin due to hepatic dysfunction increases it’s amount in blood. Thus, when it reaches skin, it can absorb UV light, initiating phototoxic reactions.

22.

c. (Lactic acidosis in dairy animals)
Ruminitis- liver abscess complex is a common manifestation seen in Lactic acidosis in dairy animals.
Clinical signs associated with TRP: Localized peritonitis, Arched back, Eliciting pain (grunting and bruxism), fibrin and fluid accumulation in peritoneal space, reticular abscess, presence of penetrating foreign body.
Clinical signs associated with Urea toxicity/NPN toxicity: The period from urea ingestion to onset of clinical signs of NPN poisoning is generally 20-60 minutes in cattle, characterized by early signs includes muscle tremor (especially of face and ears), abodominal pain, frothy salivation, polyuria and bruxism. tremors progress to incoordination and weakness. Pulmonary edema leads to marked salivation, dyspnea and gasping.
Clinical signs associated with Lactic acidosis in Dairy Cattle: Decrease feed intake, decrease milk production, poor body condition score, Ruminitis- liver abscess etc.
Clinical signs associated with Abomasal impaction: Complete anorexia, scanty feces, moderate distension of abdomen, weight loss and weakness.

23.

b. (Right displacement of abomasum)
In right displacement of abomasum, cause of death is toxemia and dehydration.
Abomasal displacement: Abomasum lies on the floor of the abdomen and it is displaced when fill with gas and rise to the top of abdomen. More likely to displaced to left side than right side.
Major causes of abomasal displacement: Failure to return to its normal palce after being displaced by pregnant uterus; Floppiness of abomasum.

24.

c. (treponematosis)
Hutch burn: Hutch burn is an inflammation of the skin of rabbits especially on the hind feet and adjacent parts associated with unclean urine- soiled cages.
-Treponematosis: A specific venereal ( sexually transmitted) disease of domestic rabbits, caused by spirochete Treponema paraluiscuniculi , transmitted by breeding and from doe to offspring, characterized by formation of small vesicles or ulcer mainly around genital regions.
Weepy eye or Dacryocystitis (inflammation of lachrymal gland) seen in rabbits, occurs in one or both eye and often associated with other medical problems such as conjunctivitis.
Coccidiosis in rabbits: Two forms: Hepatic form caused by Eimeria stiedae while intestinal coccidiosis caused by E. magna, E. media, E. perforans, E. intestinalis etc.

25.

d. (Middle ear)
Murine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis is disease of rabidae (rats and mice are natural host), hamster, guinea pig and rabbits) caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis, transmitted both by horizontally and vertically, characterized by suppurative rhinitis, otitis media, laryngitis and tracheitis.

26.

b. (Pharyngeal obstruction)
Probang is used to diagnose pharyngeal obstruction.
Probang is a surgical tool 30-40 cm long, consisting of a flexible rod with a sponge in the end used to remove foreign bodies or obstruction from the oesophagus.

27.

a. (Dog)
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism (common endocrine disease) of dogs(middle-aged dogs) and cats (middle aged to older cats), characterized by hypoglycemia with resultant glycosuria due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells, secondary to either immune destruction or severe pancreatitis (dogs) or amyloidosis (cats).
Insulin resistance and secondary diabetes mellitus are seen in many dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism, chronic administration of glucocorticoids. Pregnancy and diestrus predispose to diabetes mellitus.

28.

d. (Horse)
Enteroliths are most commonly found in horse, typically forms within a diverticulum. As enterolith formed in a Meckel's diverticulum sometimes known as Meckel’s enterolith.

Note:

Meckel’s diverticulum is a remnant of the Vitello intestinal duct, through this duct, nutrients passes from the yolk sac into the midgut of 4 -weeks old embryo.

29.

c. (1:5)
Trimethoprim and Sulphonamide combination are available usually in the ratio of 1:5 ( Trimethoprim:Sulphanamide) - Potentiated Sulphonamide

30.

b. (During 1st 48 hrs of parturition)
Parturient paresis (Milk fever) is seen in cattle characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs within 72 hrs of parturition.

Note:

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Since it's a part- 4, For mcq on Veterinary Medicine (part-3): Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Medicine (Part-3) - Vet Lectures (veterinarylectures.com)