The chewing gum type of seizure is classical nervous signs shown in dogs affected with
d. Canine Distemper
- The chewing gum type of seizure is classical nervous signs shown in dogs affected with CD.
- -Typical clinical signs associated with CD: Diphasic fever, Chewing gum type of seizure, Hyperkeratitis ( Hard pad disease).
- Typical clinical signs associated with ICH: Transient Corneal opacity ( Hepatitis Blue Eye)
- Typical Clinical signs associated with Parvo Virus Infection: a. Parvo virus Gastroenteritis (hemorrhagic enteritis, Vomition and Diarrhea) b. Parvo virus Myocarditis (Pups under 10 weeks of age suffer from this form, characterized by cardiogenic shock -chronic myocarditis and circulatory complications.
- -Typical clinical signs associated with Rabies: In Dog: a. Furious form: Bite animate and inanimate objects; Change in barking b. Dumb form: Paralytic form ( Lock Jaw); In cattle: Paralysis of muscles of deglutition with excessive salivation and choke simulating symptoms, Low pitched voice due to vocal cord paralysis, Increased sexual excitement in both cow and bull.
Abortion is one of the predominant clinical signs in following equine disease
c. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
- One of the major predominant clinical signs in Equine viral rhinopneumonitis - Abortion
- Equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ Equine Viral Abortion
- -Viral disease of equine, characterized by respiratory distress and Abortion, caused by Equine herpes virus -1 (DNA virus), characterized by Respiratory form ( Pneumonia, high fever, dry painful cough, conjunctivitis); Abortion ( 7th month of gestation to full month); Septicemic form ( fetus remain normal at birth but become stunted and die with sign of respiratory problems and mental depression) and Nervous form ( incoordination, paresis, recumbency, and death- Encephalomyopahy ).
The following disease cause immune suppression in affected chickens
b. IBD
(Infectious Bursal disease; Gumboro disease; Infectious nephrosis): It is contagious viral disease of chicken ( 2-9 weeks of age) characterized by initial enlargement of Bursa followed by atrophy, Congestion and Hemorrhage of pectoral muscles, Thigh muscles and leg muscles and there is patchy hemorrhage at junction of Proventriculus and Gizzard, caused by birna virus (double stranded RNA).
Avian Encephalomyelitis ( Epidemic tremor) is infectious viral disease of young chicken ( 1-2 weeks of age) characterized by nervous signs ( Inco-ordination, ataxia, tremor of head, neck and even whole body) and paresis, caused by picorna virus. The only gross lesion observed in dead chicken is whitish area in the muscles of gizzard and proventriculus caused by massive infiltration of lymphocytes.
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute or subacute infectious disease of adult poultry, characterized by respiratory distress ( rales, gurgling and rattling sound, breathing with open beak), fits of coughing causing expulsion of blood, blood stained mucus and there is hemorrhagic tracheitis, caused by DNA virus of family Herpes viridae.
-Avian Influenza (Bird flu)is a mild or even asymptomatic to an acute and fatal infectious disease of bird, caused by Influenza A virus of Orthomyxoviridae characterized by common respiratory signs (ruffled feather, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation, sinusitis with LPAI while HPAI, onset is sudden with 100% mortality.PPR disease is more severe and cause high mortality in
c. Goats
- -PPR (Pestes Des Petits Ruminants; Pseudorinderpest; Goat Plague ) is more severe and cause high mortality in Goats.
- PPR is subacute or acute, highly contagious disease of sheep and goats, caused by morbillivirus of Paramyxoviridae (ss RNA), characterized by fever, loss of appetite, stomatitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia.
Biological vectors of Bluetongue virus
d. Culicoides
- Biological vectors of Bluetongue virus is Culicoides.
Vector Disease Caused Vector Disease Causes Ades Mosquito Dengue, Yellow fever, Rift valley fever, Lymphatic filariasis Ticks ( Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus) Babesiosis Ticks of genus Hyalomma Theleriosis Flies ( Tabanus, Haematopota, Stomoxys ) Trypanosomiasis Anopheles Malaria Sandfly ( Phlebotomus Leishmaniasis Culex Japanese Encephalitis Black Fly Onchocerciasis vectors along with diseases they causes Epitheliotropic virus is
b. FMD
- FMD ( Foot and Mouth Disease) (Aphthous fever) is an acute febrile, highly contagious disease of cloven footed animals characterized by vesicular eruption in the epithelium of buccal cavity, tongue, nares, muzzle, feet teats and udder and myocarditis in young ones, caused by Aphthovirus of Family Picornaviridae. Different strains of FMD virus ( O, A, C, Asia-1, Sat-1, Sat-2 and Sat-3). Lesion of FMD - vesicles and ulceration in Foot and Mouth and microscopically, intercellular edema and necrosis of stratum spinosum layer of epithelial cells and degenerative changes ( grey or yellow foci or streaks in the myocardium ( tigriod heart).
Note:
Smedi virus ( Entero virus): SMEDI stands for (Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility) is a gut borne virus, of pig. Commonly known as Parvo virus infection in Pig.
Tarry colored blood
b. Anthrax
- Tarry colored blood, coming out from natural orifices, seen in Anthrax.
- Anthrax (splenic fever; Wool sorter’s disease (Human)) is an acute/per acute, septicemic, zoonotic infectious disease of livestock characterized by Splenomegaly and sudden death.
- Cause by Bacillus anthracis, rod shaped, non -motile, capsulated, aerobic, spore forming gram positive organisms.
- Bacillus anthracis, shows it’s effect by producing three types of toxins:
Oedema toxins - Factor 1
Protecting antigen - Factor 2Lethal factor - Factor 2
Suitable age for primary vaccination against rabies is
b. 3 month
- Suitable age for primary vaccination against rabies in puppies is when puppy is 3 month of old.
Puppy Vaccination Schedule
Name of The vaccine Time of Administration Rabies primary dose: 12 weeks ( 3month ) of age Booster: 1 month later then annually DHPP (Distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza and Parvo) primary dose: 6 weeks second dose: 8 week third dose: 12 weeks fourth dose: 16 weeks Booster: repeat annually Bordetella Primary: 8 weeks old second dose: 12 weeks old Leptospira, Lyme, Influenza Primary : 8 weeks old second dose: 12 weeks old Booster: Anually Name of vaccine along with time of administrations Pruritus is symptoms of following disease
d. All
- Pruritus is the symptoms of all ( Scrapie, Pseudorabies and Mange).
- Scrapie: Scrapie is highly fatal, non febrile, chronic neurologic disease of adult Sheep and goats, characterized by acute pruritus, in coordination in gait, muscles tremor, and severe emaciation, caused by prion.
- Pseudorabies ( Aujeszky’s disease; Infectious bulbar paralysis; Mad itch) is acute viral infectious disease primarily affect pig, also prevalent in cattle, sheep, goat, horse, dog and cat, caused by herpes virus (ds DNA virus), characterized by high fever, Pruritus, and nervous signs.
- Mange: Mange is skin disease caused by parasites mites, characterized by, poor condition of fur and skin, pruritus and scab formation.
The proportion of diseased animals that die
c. Case fatality
- - Case fatality: The proportion of diseased animals that die
- - Mortality - The proportion of animal at risk that die
- - Morbidity - The proportion of animals at risk got disease
- The number of new cases of a disease that occurs during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease - Incidence
- The number of cases of a disease that occurs during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease - Prevalence
The amount of organism required to initiate infection indicates
d. Infectivity
- The amount of organism required to initiate infection indicates it’s Infectivity.
- Virulence refers to the severity of the infection, which can be expressed by describing the morbidity and mortality of the infection.
- Pathogenicity refers to the proportion of infected individual who develops clinically apparent disease.
- susceptibility measures proportion of chances of population at risk of being infected by disease.
The period between infection and maximum infectiousness is
a. Generation time
- -The period between infection and maximum infectiousness is generation time. Generation time is the time required for a cell to divide ( and it’s population to double) is called the generation time ( Doubling time).
- Time interval between infection and the first appearance of parasite in the blood - Pre -patent period (Latent period). The eclipse period represents the time after the penetration through the biosynthesis of mature phage, while the latent period represents the time after penetration through the release of mature phage.
- Period between entry of infectious agent and appearance of first sign/symptoms of disease - Incubation period
- Infectious period (period of communicability) - Time during which infected organism can transmit the infection to other.
Dogs that are affected with rabies are examples of
b. Incubatory carrier
- Dogs that are affected with rabies are examples of Incubatory carrier ( harbors pathogen but is not yet ill)
- Active carrier ( has overt clinical sign of disease)
- Convalescent carrier ( has recovered from disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogen.
Transmission of an infection by doctor during surgical or medical practice is called
b. Iatrogenic transmission
- Transmission of an infection by doctor during surgical or medical practice is called Iatrogenic transmission.
- In horizontal transmission, viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation via direct or indirect contact while in vertical transmission, virus is transmitted from mother to their offspring's.
- Biological transmission: the agent multiply or develops in a vector, are of three types:
- a. Propagative transmission: the agent merely multiplies in vector but no change in form.
- b. Cyclo- development transmission: No multiplication but cyclic change is seen
- c. Cyclo- propagative transmission: Both multiplication and change in form are seen.
- In Transtadial transmission ,The disease agent or infectious agent is passed from one stage of life cycle to another while in transovarian the disease agent or infectious agent is also passed onto the next generation through the egg of the insects.
Study of animal and plants in relation to their habits and habitats is called
a. Ecology
- Study of animal and plants in relation to their habits and habitats is called Ecology
- A biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, consists of many ecosystems that share similar climatic condition while An ecosystem is all biotic and abiotic factors of a particular environment that interact with each other, consists multiple ecosystems within a particular biome.
- -Epornitics: Outbreak of disease in a bird population
- -Epizootic: Outbreak of disease in a animal population
- -Epidemics: Outbreak of disease in a human population.
- Zoonosis: Disease transmission from animal to human while disease transmission from human to animal - Reverse zoonosis.
Measures to make regional extinction of an infectious agents is called
b. Eradication
- -Measures to make regional extinction of an infectious agents is called Eradication.
- Measures to prevent disease occurrence and spread - Control
- Three types of prevention related to stages of Disease development:
- a. Primary prevention: Focus on eliminating risks factors for disease development
- b. Secondary prevention: Focus on early detection and treatment of disease
- c. Tertiary prevention: Focus on attempts to eliminate disability associated with advanced disease.
Note:
Niche filling is way of prevention in which presence of one organism within a niche by presence of another organism.
Following snails acts as an intermediate host in amphistomiasis in cattle
b. Planorbids snails
- Planorbids snails acts as an intermediate host in amphistomiasis in cattle.
Parasites Intermediate Host Parasites Intermediate host Parasites Intermediate host Anoplocephala Paranoplocephala Oribatids mites Taenia saginata Cattle Echinococcus man and ungulates mammals Davainea, Rallietina, Cotugnia Arthropods Taenia solium Pig Mesocestoides lineatum Arthopods and mammals Dipylidium caninum Flea or louse Taenia hydatigenaTaenia multiceps Taenia ovis sheep Diphyllobothrium latum 1st - Cyclops 2nd - Fresh water fish Amoebotaenia Earthworm Taenia pissiformis Taenia cerialis Rabbit Schistosoma Snails of Lymnea genus Taenia taenaeformis Rodents Fasciola Snails of Lymnea genus Parasites along with their intermediate host Following worm of Horse is responsible for colic symptoms
c. Strongyles vulgaris
- Strongylus vulgaris is responsible for colic symptoms in Horse.
- Internal parasites in Horses:
- Strongyles: (Small and large Strongyles)( Commonly referred as Blood worm): Adult worm lives in large intestine, aggressive feeder, suck blood and nutrients from intestine, leads to severe colic. Example: Strongylus vulgaris migrates to anterior mesenteric artery; S. edentatus migrates to the liver and flank area; S. equinus migrates to liver and pancreas
- Roundworm: Parascaris equorum, mainly found in intestine, more dangerous when migrates lung and liver, cause foal pneumonia.
- Pinworm (Oxyuris equi), lays egg around the anus, eggs causes irritation and horse will rub their tail against object.
- Stomach bots (Gastrophilus spp); (Gastrophilus nasalis, Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis, Gastrophilus intestinalis): lays egg on hair, hatch and penetrate into mouth tissue, migrate to stomach, cause stomach irritation and colic.
- Tapeworm that infects horse: (Anoplocephala, Paranoplocephala), causes colic in horse.
Note:
Habronema muscae is an internal stomach parasite of horse, common cause of Cutaneous ulcerative granuloma in horse.
Tapeworm infestation can be treated with the following drug
c. Praziquentel@5mg/kg B.wt.
- Drug of Choice for Cestodes: Praziquantel
- Triclabendazole - Drug of Choice for Trematodes
- Piperazine - Drug of Choice for Nematodes
Note:
Drug of Choice for Monieziasis: Niclosamide
Drug of choice for Babesiosis: Berenil
Drug of choice for theileriosis: Buparvaquone
Drug of choice for Trypanosomiasis: Quinapyramine sulphateVisceral larva migrans is caused by the migration of larva of
a. Toxocara canis
- Visceral larva migrans is a zoonotic infestation by nematodes (Roundworm) parasites of dogs and cats i.e. Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati.
- When roundworm infest these animals, they live and lay egg in intestine, then egg passes out with feces, contaminated soil. When this contaminated soil is ingested by human accidently, egg hatch into human body, travels through the intestinal wall into the blood capillaries to reach different parts of body, including liver, lungs, eyes, brain or heart. In this organ, larva causes varying degree of local inflammation leading to non - specific symptoms. This condition is referred as Visceral larva migran.
Note:
Dictylocaulus viviparous- Lungworm of ruminants; Dictylocaulus arnfieldi: Lungworm of horse; Dictylocaulus filaria: Sheep and goats lung worm, causes pneumonia and bronchitis in respective animals.
Onchocerciasis (River blindness) is caused by parasites Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted to human through repeated bites of infected blackflies of genus Simulium, characterized by symptoms including severe itching, disfiguring skin conditions and visual impairment including permanent blindness.Toxoplasmosis is a contagious disease of
d. All the species including humans
- Toxoplasmosis is a contagious disease of all animals including humans.
- Toxoplasma is a zoonotic contagious disease of all warm blooded animals and man, caused by parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, transmitted through contaminated with cats, consumption of infected meat and meat product, through transplacental infection and other ( inhalation and ingestion of infected milk), characterized by abortion ( Early stage), mild fever leading to encephalitis.
Anaplasma marginale is observed in
a. Erythrocyte
- Anaplasma marginale is observed in Erythrocyte
- Anaplasmosis ( Gall sickness) is important rickettsial infectious disease of ruminants characterized by varying degree of pyrexia, progressive anemia and emaciation caused by Anaplasma marginale (Intraerythrocytic parasite), spreads through ticks (Tabanus spp., Stomoxys spp. and mosquito).
Pimply gut is caused by
a. Oesophagostomum
- -Pimply gut is caused by Oesophagostomum
- Oesophagostomiasis ( Nodular worm disease) is an important parasitic disease of all farm animals except host, caused by nematode, Oesophagostomum ( O.columbianum in sheep and goat; O.radiatum in cattle; O. dentatum in pig) characterized by persistent diarrhea ( Mucusy dark green colored feces), chronic emaciation and presence of nodules in large intestine ( rectum) on palpation.
- Bunostomum phlebotomum, hookworm of cattle, is a large, robust, white worm capable of causing anemia and black tarry feces in calves infected via ingestion and skin penetration.
- Haemonchus contortus (barber’s pole worm, large stomach worm; wire worm) blood sucking parasite of abomasum of ruminant, primarily sheep and goats, characterized by anemia, hypoproteinemia ( bottle jaw).
The cystic intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus is found in
d. All
- The cystic intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus is found in all (Sheep, Goat and Cattle).
Different tapeworm along with their intermediate stages, definitive and intermediate host
Parasites Intermediate stage Definitve host Intermediate host Taenia saginata Cysticercus bovis Man Cattle Taenia solium Cysticercus cellulosae Man Pig Taenia multiceps Coenurus cerebralis Dog Sheep Taenia hydatigena Cysticercus tenuicollis Dog Sheep Taenia ovis Cysticercus ovis Dog Sheep Taenia pissiformis Cysticercus pissiformis Dog Rabbit Taenia cerealis Coenurus cerealis Dog Rabbit Taenia taenaeformis cysticercus fasciolaris cat rodent Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst dog mammals Echinococcus multicularis hydatid cyst dog, fox rodents and man Different parasites, Along with their intermediate stage, definite stage and intermediate stage The eggs of Demodex canis are
b. Spindle shaped
- -Egg of Demodex canis is spindle in shape .
- Demodectic mange in dogs, most common in young pups, found in hair follicle and sebaceous glands of skin of dogs primarily transmitted from mother to their suckling pups, caused by Demodex canis (Cigar -shaped with 4 pairs of stumpy legs arises from thorax), characterized by hair loss, pruritus, erythema etc.
Etiology of Verminous bronchitis is
a. Dictylocaulus spp
- -Dictylocaulus spp. ( Lung worm) causes verminous bronchitis
- Bunostomum ( Hookworms of cattle )
- Trichuris spp. (Whipworm)
- -Stephanurus spp. (Kidney worm)
Clay- pipe stem fibrosis of liver is a pathognomonic lesion in
b. Fascioliasis
- Clay- pipe stem fibrosis of liver is a pathognomonic lesion in Fascioliasis.
- ‘Milk spot’ liver is seen in Ascariasis
- Morocco leather appearance of gastric mucosa is observed in Ostertagia ostertagi infection.
- Various size nodules seen in the rectum - Oesophagostomum infection
Prenatal infection is common in
d. both a and c
- -Prenatal infection is common in both Ancylostomiasis and Ascariasis.
The vaccine inoculated in poultry birds on the day of hatching is
c. Marek’s disease
- The vaccine inoculated in poultry birds on the day of hatching is vaccine against Marek’s disease.
Vaccination Schedule for Poultry
Age Disease Administration 1 day Marek S/C 5-7 days Ranikhet intranasal +intraocular 14-15 days Gumboro drinking water 5-6 weeks Ranikhet drinking water 9-10 weeks Ranikhet s/c or IM 13-14 weeks IB drinking water 15-16 weeks fowl pox I/M Vaccination schedule for layers Age Disease Administration 0 days Marek’s disease s/c 5-7 days RD F1 strain Intraocular 10 days lasota (live freeze dried) drinking water 14 -15 days Gumboro (Intermediate strain) drinking water 21 days Gumboro drinking water 5th week Repeat lasota drinking water Vaccination schedule for broiler Gastric granuloma in horse is caused due to
b. Drachia megastoma
- -Gastric granuloma in horse is caused due to Drachia megastoma .
- Drachia megastoma is found in brood pouches in the glandular mucosa adjacent to margo plicatus, eggs produced in the cysts are extruded through a pore in the brood pouch to the gastric lumen. The eggs are passed out with the feces are consumed by fly larva ( intermediate host).