Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Medicine (Part-2)

d. Lactulose

• Example of Hyperosmotic Cathartics - Lactulose
• Cathartics/Laxative/Purgatives are the substance that promotes/accelerates defecation or evacuation of fecal matter from the bowel, either by increasing motility of intestine or fluidity of feces. Laxatives are mild cathartics/Purgatives.

d. All

• Metabolic Acidosis can occurs in all conditions (Severe diarrhea, Impactive Colic, Intestinal Obstruction)
• Metabolic Acidosis is a condition when there is pH of blood is below 7.35, mainly seen when there is decrease HCO3 concentration in blood. ( Note: Normal pH of blood ranges: 7.35-7.45)

a. Glossopharyngeal nerve

• The gag reflex test is done to evaluate the integrity or functions of Cranial nerve IX ( Glossopharyngeal nerve ) and X ( Vagus nerve)
• In this test, By using a long handle swab stick, gently touches the pharyngeal wall behind the pillar of the fauces ( An arch opening at the back of mouth leading to the pharynx).
• In a positive case, There will produces non - symmetrical elevation of the fauces. And if there is no movement of fauces, signify bilateral palatal muscles paralysis.
• In a normal gag reflex, there is symmetrical elevation of the fauces.

a. Interventricular septal defect

• Water- hammer pulse is pathognomonic of Interventricular septal defect.
• Water hammer/Corrigan/ Hyperkinetic Pulse is a pulse, characterized by an abrupt, very rapid upstroke of the peripheral pulse followed by rapid collapse, results from very rapid ejection of a large left ventricular stroke volume into a low resistance arterial system.
• This condition is mainly associated with chronic aortic regurgitation, also seen in other condition associated with increased stroke volume:
• Patent Ductus arteriosus
• Interventricular septal defect
• -Anemia
• -Extreme Bradycardia

c. Third heart sound

• Third heart sound is termed as Diastolic sound.
• Heart sounds are the sound produced by heart during cardiac cycle ( Specially at the time of valve closing).
• There are four types of heart sounds: I - S1, II- S2, III -S3, IV -S4.

d. loss of fluid with Sodium

b. Postmortem change

• Adipocere is postmortem change ( Putrefaction)
• Adipocere is formation of an offensive, rancid smelling, soft, whitish, crumbly, waxy and greasy material ( similar to soap) occurring in fatty tissue of a dead body subjected to moisture.

d. All

a. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

• Mad Cow disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) is progressive transmissible neurological disease of bovine characterized by sponge like destruction of brain and Cytoplasmic vacuolation of neuron, caused by prion, produces slow infection with long incubation period ( several months to year).
• Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis is an infectious neurological disease, caused by Chlamydia pecorum, affecting cattle and buffalo, characterized by fever, depression, excessive salivation, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss. Lesion ( not limited to brain only, polyserositis (peritonitis, pleuritis, pericarditis) is seen.

d. All

• NAGase activity, SCC and Electrical Conductivity test are the test done to confirm sub -clinical mastitis.
• NAGase is an intracellular lysosomal enzymes that is released into milk from neutrophils during phagocytosis and cell lysis but also from damaged epithelial cells, indicating udder tissue destructions.
• The electrical conductivity of mastitis milk is greater than normal milk, due to increased ionizable salts in milk from Inflammed quarters.

a. Gamma glutamyl transferase

• -Gamma glutamyl transferase is the marker of Early stage of hepatic dysfunction in Cattle, as Gamma glutamyl transferase is an enzyme found throughout the body, but mostly found in liver. When the liver is damaged, GGT may leak into the bloodstream, High levels of GGT in blood is sign of liver disease or damage to bile duct.
• Serum Alkaline Phosphatase is a liver biomarker, higher than normal level in blood indicates problems with liver or gall bladder. This could be hepatitis, Cirrhosis, liver cancer, gallstone and blockage in bile duct.
• Aspartate aminotransferase ( SGOT) is a enzyme, that checks for liver damage, Increases AST level in blood indicates liver damage.
• -Sorbitol dehydrogenase deficiency is a progressive , debilitating hereditary neuropathy that affects peripheral nerves and motor neuron, resulting in significant disability, loss of sensory functions and decreased mobility.

a. Acute local peritonitis

• In acute local peritonitis, there is moderate leukocytosis, with left shift of neutrophilia.

d. 24-36 hrs after birth

• Complete loss of ability to absorb immunoglobulin in colostrum occurs by 24-36 hrs after birth.

b. Hypoglycemia

• Important Biochemical Change in Baby Pig Disease - Hypoglycemia
• Baby pig disease ( Neonatal Hypoglycemia)
• -Seen in pig born (1st few days of birth ), characterized by convulsion, shivering, hypothermia, gait abnormalities, caused due to deprivation of food.
• Predisposing factors:
• Age dependent Characteristics:
• -During 1st few days of life, the capacity of gluconeogenetic enzymes (Phosphoenol pyruvate- carboxy kinase) is only 20-40%
• Characteristics of species
• -low carbohydrate and lipid reserve
• -increase demand for higher temperature
• -thin hair coat
• -Shivering thermogenesis

c. Rupture of left gastroepiploic artery

• Sequel of TRP ( Traumatic Reticulo- Peritonitis)
• -Diaphragmatic hernia
• -Diffused Peritonitis
• -Congestive heart failure

c. Cobalt deficiency

• Presence of Formiminoglutamic acid in urine is confirmation of Cobalt deficiency.
• Formiminoglutamic acid is the intermediate metabolite in the pathways that converts histidine to glutamic acid. For the degradation of Formiminoglutamic acid to glutamic acid , folic acid is needed. In the deficiency of folic acid, Formiminoglutamic acid accumulates in excessive amounts and is excreted in the urine.
• Cobalt deficiency leads to the deficiency of Folic acid.

d. a and b

• -OTC is contraindicated in Pregnant animals, lactating animals and young animals.
• -Antibiotics such as Aminoglycosides, Amphotericin B , Chloramphenicol (Cats), Quinolone, Lincomycin, Nitrofuran, Sulphonamide are contraindicated in animals with renal insufficiency.
• -Antibiotics such as Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin Griseofulvin (Cats), Ketoconazole, Lincomycin, Macrolides, Metronidazole, Rifampicin, Sulphonamide, tetracycline are contraindicated in animals with hepatic insufficiency
• -Antibiotics such as Aminoglycosides, Amphotericin B, Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol, Fluconazole, Quinolone, Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole, Sulphonamide, Trimethoprim, Metronidazole, Nitrofuran are contraindicated in Pregnant animals
• -Antibiotics such as Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Quinolones, Metronidazole, Nalidixic acid, Rifampicin, Sulphonamide, tetracycline are contraindicated in neonates animals.

b. Horse shoe shaped ring scab

• Pseudo Cow pox (Milker’s nodule; Ring sore) is a infectious disease of cow and buffalo, caused by Parapox virus characterized by cutaneous eruptions on the teat, udder and perineum leaving a small horse shoe shaped lesion ( ring sore).

b. Benign disease

• Swine Pox ( Variola suilla, Contagious impetigo) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine, caused by Suipox virus, characterized by pox lesions in different parts of body (snout, eyelids, inner aspect of thigh, Skin of axilla and external surface of Ear.

c. Equine Encephalomyelitis

• The viral disease of horse which is restricted to North and South Americas only is Equine Encephalomyelitis.
• Equine Encephalomyelitis: EEE, WEE , VEE are caused by Alpha virus, transmitted by bite of infected mosquito (Culicoides), characterized by fever, severe depression sleeping sickness, Behavior change, circling or head pressing, Paralysis, convulsion. death.
• Equine infectious Anemia (Swamp fever, EIA)is a chronic persisting infectious viral disease of equine, characterized by Emaciation, anemia, Intermittent fever, and generalised lymphoproliferative changes and Odema, caused by lentivirus of family retroviridae.
• Equine influenza ( Equine distemper, Typhoid fever, catarrhal fever, Pink Eye), caused by Myxovirus -A/equi 1 and A/equi-2, characterized by general septicemia, respiratory problems accompanied by severe persistent dry cough.
• African Horse Sickness: AHS is a hemorrhagic disease of equine characterized by pyrexia, respiratory and circulatory impairment, edema of the lungs, pleura, and S/C tissue as well as widespread petechial hemorrhage. Pulmonary form - Dunkop while circulatory form -Dikkop, caused by Orbivirus of family Reoviridae.

c. Potassium iodide

• Drug of Choice for Wooden tongue- Potassium Iodide

a. Brucellosis

a. Pigs

• Species that resistant to botulism - Pigs
• Botulism ( Limber neck ; Lion disease) is a toxemic paralytic disease of man, animals and birds, caused by ingestion of toxin of Clostridium botulinum ( Gram +ve) bacteria, common inhabitant of digestive tract of Animals. The organisms do not produce toxin within the animals body but toxicity occurs due to ingestion of preformed toxins. Drinking water contaminated with dead and decomposed carcass, Decomposed hay and silage, Imperfectly preserved ham, sausage, or other meat product are the source of preformed toxins.
• The ingested toxins are readily absorbed and get disseminated through out the body and ultimately reach the nerve, localize in peripheral nervous system, produces motor nerve paralysis.
• Clinical signs associated with botulism: partial or complete paralysis of muscles of locomotion, stiff gait, difficulty to raise body, legs folded underneath the body, animals fail to held his head in normal position, and head rest on flank region etc.
• Presence of suspicious foreign materials in the forestomach in post - mortem of cattle suggests botulism.

d. Tetanus

• -Trismus ( Spasm of jaw muscles) with restricted jaw movement, saw horse posture are characteristics symptoms of Tetanus.
• Typical clinical signs associated with Tetanus: Saw horse posture, Lock jaw, Prolapse of the third eyelids, Pump handle position of the tail etc.
• Tetanus is the non- contagious, non -febrile, infection disease of mammals caused by toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, characterized by spasmodic contraction of skeletal muscles.
• The organism produces three types of toxins: Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin); tetanolysin (hemolysin); fibrinolysin.

b. Infection of tooth cavity

• Transmission of Encephalitic form of Listeriosis occurs by infection of tooth cavity.
• Listeriosis ( Circling disease; Meningo-encephalitis; Silage disease) is an infectious fatal disease of animals and man characterized by encephalitis, Abortion, endometritis and repeat breeding in animals.
• Listeriosis is caused by Listeria monocytogenes, gram positive bacteria, infection occurs through infected feed and soils. Silage is considered as important spreader of disease, Carrier animals and rodents may spread the disease. The bacteria gain entry through GI mucosa, reach circulation (causing bacteremia), get localized in various organ produces three types of manifestation:
• Disease with Encephalitis: Nervous signs are seen i.e, head is pressed against the barrier, circling movements , Paralysis of the pharynx and there is respiratory failure.
• Disease with abortions: Abortion is seen.
• Disease with septicemia: Signs of septicemia includes depression, weakness, pyrexia, diarrhea, and corneal opacity.

d. All

• Brucellosis ( Bang’s disease, Contagious abortion, Enzootic abortion, Undulant fever, Malta fever) is acute or chronic contagious disease of domestic animals, characterized by placentitis and abortion, caused by Brucella abortus ( cattle), Brucella melitensis (goat), Brucella ovis (sheep), Brucella canis ( dog), gram negative non - spore forming bacteria.
• Brucella has got affinity to invade gravid uterus, mammary glands, testes and placenta, upon infection, the organism gain access into the body through mucus membrane of oropharynx, URT, conjunctival mucosa, abraded skin and cervix of genitalia. Following entry, the organism localize nearby lymph nodes, and multiply and enter circulation ( bacteremia), moves to affinized organs likes placenta ( causing placentitis), gravid uterus ( causing abortion at last trimester), mammary gland ( mastitis) and teste ( Orchitis). A substance known as erythritol is produced by foetus, capable of triggering the multiplication of Brucella abortus.

a. Velogenic

• -Ranikhet disease ( New Castle disease; Avian distemper; Doyle’s disease) is an acute rapidly transmitting viral disease of poultry, characterized by respiratory signs ( distress, coughing, sneezing), nervous sign leading to wing paralysis, incoordination, torticollis , swelling of head, and chalky white diarrhea and drop in egg production etc.
• ND is caused by paramyxovirus -I virus (RNA virus). Virus strain are classified as Highly virulent ( Velogenic), Moderately virulent (Mesogenic) and least Virulent ( Lentogenic).

a. Pasteurella hemolytica

• Shipping fever in cattle is caused by Pasteurella hemolytica
• Pasteurella multocida- I causes Haemorrhagic septicemia
• Mycoplasma mycoides causes CBPP ( Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia )
• Chlamydia pssitaci causes psittacosis in human; Avian Chlamydiosis in mammals .

b. Mallein test

• The allergic test conducted on horse for the diagnosis of Glander - Mallein test
• Mallein test: (Intrapalpebral or Intradermopalpebral test): routine test for Glander. 0.1 ml of Mallein is injected intradermally into the lower eyelids with tuberculin syringe and the test is read at 36 and 48 hrs. A positive reaction is characterized by extensive edema of the eyelid, congestion of the conjunctiva and mucopurulent secretions. the swelling persists for 2-3 days.
• -Strauss reaction: Male guinea pig when inoculated intraperitoneally or S/C with suspected materials, a local reaction take place, in positive case, leading to painful orchitis. Johnin test: Confirmatory test for Para Tuberculosis and Coggin test: Confirmatory test for Equine Infectious Anemia.

c. Salmonella gallinarum

• Fowl Paratyphoid ( Avian Salmonellosis) is caused by Salmonella typhimurium.
• -Fowl typhoid is mainly caused by Salmonella gallinarum
• Pullorum disease ( Bacillary white Diarrhea) is mainly caused by Salmonella pullorum.