Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Animal Nutrition (Part-1)

The volatile fatty acid responsible for milk fat synthesis in cow- Acetic acid.

The volatile fatty acid responsible for glucose synthesis in cow- Propionic acid

The volatile fatty acid responsible for ketone body synthesis in cow – Acetate and Butyrate

The vitamin which helps in coagulation of blood is Vitamin- K

Number of fat soluble vitamin : ( ADEK) and water soluble vitamin : ( BC), vitamin containing cobalt- Cyanocobalamine

Vitamins Deficiency Disease 

A ( Retinol, retinoic acid, carotenoid) Nutritional roup

D ( Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol ( D3; Antirachitic factor) Rickets

E ( alpha- tocopherol) Encephalomalacia ( Crazy chick disease)

K ( Menadione) S/C hemorrhagic blemish

B1 ( Thiamine) Polyneuritis ( Star gazing)

B2 ( Riboflavin) Curled toed paralysis, clubbed down condition 

B6 ( Pyridoxine) Hyper excitability

B12 ( Cyanocobalamine) Pernicious Anemia

FH4 ( Folacin) Macrocytic Anemia

Pantothenic acid Chick dermatitis

B3 ( Niacin) Pellagra ( Dermatitis, Dementia, Dementia)

Biotin ( Vit.-H) Cracked feet

NaCl Cannibalism

Choline and Mn Perosis ( Slipped tendon)

Note:  Vitamin C is not considered essential vitamin for ruminants, swine and rabbits because its synthetization takes place in their own body.

• Major amount of urea formation takes place in Liver
• Urea can be fed as a source of nitrogen to ruminants.
• Urea should not be given to young suckling calf, non – ruminants. 
• The optimum ratio of starch and urea for effective utilization is 10:1
• For optimum utilization of urea, the nitrogen: Sulphur ratio should not be wider than 15:1

* Notes: The ammonia produced in rumen is used as source of nitrogen primarily by Ruminal bacteria.

• Respiratory quotient is the ratio of CO2 released by O2 consumed.
• The respiratory quotient value for fat – 0.7
• The respiratory quotient value for carbohydrate – 1
• The respiratory quotient value for Protein - 0.8

• In TDN calculation, the digestible ether extract is multiplied by a factor (2.25)
• TDN = % DCP + % DCF + % DNFE + (%DEE * 2.25)
• DEE is multiplied by 2.25 because on oxidation fat provides 2.25 times more energy compared to carbohydrates. 
• DEE consists of feed that soluble in ether
• Nutritive ratio (NR) = (TDN- DCP)/DCP 
• Nutritive ratio is wide when ration contains high straw 
• Starch Equivalent (SE) = DCP* 0.95 + DCF* 1+ DNFE *1 + DEE* (1.91-2.41) – X, where X is equal to % crude fiber * correction factor  

3. (Magnesium) 

• A mineral required for normal blood clotting is Calcium
• Grass tetany in Cattle is due to deficiency of Magnesium
• Perosis in Poultry is due to deficiency of Manganese
• Parakeratosis in Swine is due to deficiency of Zinc
• Pica in Cattle is due to deficiency of Phosphorus
• Milk fever in milch cow is due to deficiency of Calcium
• Piglet anemia is due to deficiency of Iron
• Alkali disease is caused due to Selenium toxicity.

• Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism, by oxidizing energy containing substance in their food.
• The amount of metabolic water produced on metabolism of glucose (Carbohydrate) is 60%
• The amount of metabolic water produced on metabolism of protein is 41-42% 
• The amount of metabolic water produced on metabolism of fat is 107 to 110%

• Allantoin is the hydrolytic end product of Uric acid. For the conversion of uric acid to Allantoin, uricase enzyme is needed.
• Ammonia and carbonic acid are the hydrolytic end product of Urea.
• Unlike protein, nucleic acids containing no Sulphur. Complete hydrolysis of chromosomal nucleic acids gives inorganic phosphates, 2- deoxyribose sugar, and four different heterocyclic bases.

• Bone meal has very high percentage of ash.

• Protein Equivalent:  A measure of the digestible nitrogen of an animal feeding stuff in terms of protein.
• The protein in any feed is calculated by determining the amount of nitrogen in that feed and multiplying it by 6.25. This formula can also be used to calculate the protein equivalent of urea and other sources of NPN. For example: Urea with 46% N x 6.25 = 287% protein. So, protein equivalent% of urea is 287%.  

• For rapid growth of bacterium in the rumen, the best source of energy is Starch 
• The growth of rumen microorganisms will be slow if the protein of the diet is Undegradable.
• More than 10 % dietary carbohydrate fed in ruminant diet increases microbial activity of ruminant.
• Bacterial production rate in the rumen can be determined by using 35 S – Sodium Sulphate

• The biological value of protein is 80 and digestibility coefficient is 95%, the NPU would be 76.
• NPU (Net Protein Utilization) = (Retained Nitrogen/Intake Nitrogen) * 100
• Digestibility coefficient = (Nitrogen Absorbed/ Nitrogen Intake) *100
• Biological Value = (Nitrogen retained in body/ Nitrogen absorbed) * 100
• Protein Efficiency Ratio= (Weight gain in gram/ protein intake in gram)
• Biological value of a protein will be lowered if Amino acids are in excess and in deficient.
• The endogenous urinary nitrogen is expressed as (per unit of metabolic body size). 

• The content of lysine in egg is 7.2% and in wheat is 2.7%. The chemical score (%) for wheat protein would be 37
• Chemical Score– Content of each essential amino acid in a food protein is expressed as a percentage of the content of the same amino acid in the same quantity of a protein selected as a standard. 
• Chemical Score = (mg of limiting amino acids in test protein/ mg of limiting amino acids in egg protein) * 100  

The increase in amino acids flux with increased supply of dietary energy and protein is mainly due to increase rate of insulin and thyroxine secretions.

• The energy released by complete combustion of one gram of food is gross calorific value. The actual amount of energy liberated in the body from carbohydrates, proteins and fats is called physiologic value of food. 
• The physiological fuel value for Carbohydrate per gram is 16.27 KJ.
• The physiological fuel value for Protein per gram is 17KJ
• The physiological fuel value for Fat per gram is 37KJ  

A commonly used roughage having minimum percentage of crude protein is Wheat straw.  

• Factor for estimations of the milk protein is 6.38
• An average factor of 6.38 (corresponding to 15.65% nitrogen) is commonly used for milk proteins to convert nitrogen to protein.  

• The apparatus used for energy determination is Bomb Calorimeter.
• The Bomb Calorimeter is used to measure the cross calorific value of the solid and liquid samples. It is a constant-volume type calorimeter that measures the heat of a particular reaction or measures the calorific value of the fuels.  

• Wool contains about 4% Sulphur
• Wool is rich in amino acid Cysteine.
• Keratin is the protein of Wool.  

One percent of total body calcium is present in Blood and Tissue.  

• Excess of molybdenum in the diet cause deficiency of copper.
• Excess of molybdenum causes Peat Scour disease
• Excess of NaCL causes salt poisoning
• Excess of NO3 causes Water poisoning
• Excess of Selenium causes Degnala disease. The main cause of Degnala due to replacement of Sulphur in protein 

The most important role played by the water in the body through blood is Acid base balance.  

• Metabolic water produced per gram of protein is 0.4 gms. 
• Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism, by oxidizing energy-containing substances in their food
• Animal metabolism produces about 107-110 grams of water per 100 grams of fat
• 41-42 grams of water per 100 g of protein
•  60 grams of water per 100 g of carbohydrate  

• Glucagon affects the amino acids metabolism in the following organ only in Liver.
• Glucagon converts glycogenic amino acids into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
• Amines are basic compounds which are normally present in very minute’s amounts in Plant and Animal Tissue.  

Melanin is synthesized in the body in the presence of copper dependent enzyme, tyrosine and the precursor is Phenylalanine.  

• Contaminants elements found in animals feeds are Ba, Al, B, Ca and Ti.
• Establishing essentiality of an element, sometime, is difficult because of Presence of elements in trace in natural food and feed and in soil and in abundance in water.
• Possible essential micro elements include Cr, As, Cd, F, Si, Sn, and V And the microelements found in bound form as component of certain compounds in animal body are Fe, I, Co and Zn.
• Micronutrients that known for their toxicity are Cu, Mo, Se and Fe. 
• Normally iodine is distributed among various body tissue but most of this concentrated in Thyroid gland under stimulation of thyroid stimulation hormone, utilized for biosynthesis of Thyroxine hormone.
• The element Mo is utilized by following enzymes: Nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, Aldehyde oxidase, Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase.
• Greater proportion of iron is present in Whole blood and spleen in two types of organic forms: Porphyrin and Non- Hemal in ratio of 1: 0.25.  The non – hemal iron is mainly present in the form of transferrin, ferritin, and hemosiderin.
• Dietary zinc is mainly absorbed from Upper segment of S.I.
• Absorption of Mn is from the feed by the animal is to the extent of 2-5%  

• No enzyme is found in the saliva of cow.

• No enzyme is found in the saliva of ruminant while ptyalin (Salivary amylase) enzyme is found in the saliva of non- ruminants responsible for the digestion of carbohydrate.

• Protein content in fish meal – 60%
• Bone meal – 40%
• Hatchery Byproduct- 45 -55%
• Meat meal – 50-55%
• Blood and feather meal – 80%  

Oxalate (anti- nutritional factor) in high amount is present in Paddy straw

• Milk is deficient in Iron, Copper, Zinc and Mn. 
• Zn plays important role in number of enzymes activity, but zinc has been found to be associated with the synthesis of DNA, RNA and Protein.
• Major accumulation of fluorine takes place in Bone and teeth
• Piglet anemia is commonly observed due to low content of Fe in milk diet
• Very young animals contain more copper than adults
• According to the mucosal theory, Fe absorption more in anemic than normal animals
• For determining adequacy of iodine in lactating animals, the iodine contents are generally determined in Milk
• Iodine content is highest in milk of goat
• Sheep may suffer from the deficiency of Copper and Cobalt  

Crude protein % in the ration of lactating ewe- 8-10% 

DCP % requirement in Goat

Replacement stock -  10-12% Dry doe – 5-6% pregnant doe - 15%

Lactating pregnant doe - 15-16% Lactating doe - 15% Buck – 6%

CP% requirement for Pig

Creep ration - 22-24% Starter - 18-20% Grower – 16-18% Finisher – 13 -14%

Pregnant - 14-16% lactating – 15 -16% boar ration – 14-15%

CP% requirement For Poultry

Broiler starter (0-6 weeks) – 22 -24% Broiler finisher (6-9 week) - 19-22%

Layers chick (0-8 weeks) - 22% layers grower (8-20 weeks) - 16%

Laying hens (20-72 weeks) - 18%

The expected gain in non – lactating ewes during first 15 weeks of gestation is 50 gram/day

• Amino acids is absent in protein collagen – Tryptophan's
• Highly soluble protein – Albumin 
• Toxic amino acids – Methionine
• Transformation of one amino acid into another – Transamination

Alcoholic Form of Vitamin A is called Retenol

Oxidation of fat is called Beta – oxidation.  

• Pro – vitamin D in fodder is Ergocalciferol (D2)
•  Active Form of Vitamin- D is Cholecalciferol (D3)

Frothy bloat may occur on eating of Lucerne green.  

Lignin is associated with cellulose in plants.  

Dry matter for the buffaloes of 400 kg b.wt. Should be 12 kg

Shell grit provides Calcium in layer ration  

• NFE stands for Nitrogen Free Extract. 
• In proximate analysis, Nitrogen Free extract is not determined by analysis but by Difference.