Tetracycline tend to form complexes with
d. All
- Tetracyclines tend to form complexes with Calcium ions, Magnesium ions, Iron ions and Aluminium ions etc.
- Tetracyclines coordinate metal (II) ions under physiological conditions forming chelates complexes.
Hyaluronidase has been used as an adjunct to
b. Increase absorption of the injected drugs
- Hyaluronidase has been used as an adjunct to increase absorption of injected drugs. - Hyaluronidase is given with other drugs by injection to break down hyaluronic acid helps make the fluids and connective tissue thinner so the drugs can move easily into the tissues.
Which of the following compound of undecylenic acid is most commonly used in therapy
a. Zinc
- Zinc is the compound of undecylenic acid, most commonly used in therapy.
- Zinc undecylenate is a natural or synthetic fungistatic fatty acids, antifungal zinc undecylenate is used topically in creams against fungal infection, eczemas, ringworm, and other cutaneous conditions. The zinc provides an astringent action, reducing rawness and irritation.
An oral antifungal agent is which of the following
d. Griseofulvin
- -An oral antifungal agent is Griseofulvin.
- Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of type of dermatophytosis, includes fungal infections of the nails and scalp, as well as the skin when the antifungal creams have not worked. It is taken by mouth.
Nitrofurantoin is most active when the pH of the urinary tract is
d. 5.5 or less
- Nitrofurantoin is most active when the pH of the urinary tract is acidic i.e. 5.5 or less.
- Nitrofurantoin is an antibacterial medication used to treat urinary tract infections, but it is not as effective for kidney infections. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects includes nausea, loss od appetite, diarrhea, and headaches.
- Nitrofurantoin is reduced by bacterial flavoprotein to reactives intermediate which inactivates or alter bacterial ribosomal proteins and other macromolecules.
Aloes are used to treat which of the following
a. Burns
- Aloes are used to treat burns.
Uses of aloes:
- It contains healthful plant compound
- It has antioxidant and antibacterial properties
- It accelerates wound healing
- It reduces dental plaque
- helps to treat canker sores
- reduces constipations
- improve skin and prevents wrinkles
- -lower blood sugar levels.
- Also used to treat burns.
Which of the following can cause discoloration of teeth
c. Achromycin
- Achromycin can cause discoloration of teeth.
- Achromycin (Tetracycline antibiotics) used to treat bacterial infections, not work for viral infections.
Which of the following can increase the serum level of penicillin significantly
b. Probenecid
- Probenecid can increase the serum levels of penicillin significantly. Since, Probenecid inhibits both the organic Anion Transporters in the basolateral membrane of cells in the proximal tubules, results in reduced clearance and increase plasma level of drugs normally secreted by this mechanism (Penicillin).
- Note: Probenecid should not be used in the treatment of gout in conjunction with Salicylates because their therapeutics actions are antagonistic to each other.
- Probenecid is used to treat chronic gout and gouty arthritis.
Which of the following diuretics is quite effective even in presence of electrolyte imbalance
a. Ethacrynic acid
- Ethacrynic acid is quite effective even in presence of electrolyte imbalance. Actually, Ethacrynic acid belongs to “loop diuretics” group or water pills. Ethacrynic acid is given to help treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling that is caused by congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, or other medical conditions.
- Diuretics such as furosemide facilitates elimination of toxicants by altering their passive reabsorption from the tubular lumen.
Radioactive decay follows a
b. Zero order rate
- Radioactive decays follows a zero order rate.
- -Glucagon may be used as diagnostic agent in radio graphic examination of the GI tract.
Note:
- Mixed order kinetics: A mixture of both 1st and zero order kinetics in which deviation from an originally linear pharmacokinetics profile are observed, the rate process of such a drug is called as non- linear kinetics.
- Second order kinetics: A term describing the reaction rate of chemical reaction in which rate is proportional to the product of the concentration of two of the reactants or square of the molar concentration of the reactant if there is only one.
A drug that reverses plasma- protein binding is often referred to as
a. Protein hydrolysate
- Drug that reverses plasma- protein binding - protein hydrolysate
- Plasma protein binding results in decrease availability of drug, while protein hydrolysate reverses plasma -protein binding leads to increase bioavailability of drug.
A rich source of Vitamin A is which of the following
d. Fish liver oils
- Rich source of Vitamin A - Fish liver oils
- Plasma level of vitamin- A is affected by Oral Contraceptives. Oral contraceptives markedly increases serum levels of Vitamin A. Decreases thiamine deficiency, also lower Riboflavin level and Ascorbic acid level.
- Absorption of Vitamin A in GI tract depends on the presence of bile in the intestine.
Methotrexate should never be used concurrently with
a. Aspirin
- Methotrexate should never be used concurrently with Aspirin.
- Methotrexate inhibits enzymes responsible for nucleotides synthesis including dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate reductase, aminoimidazole caboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase, and amino phosphoribosyltransferase.
- High dose aspirin plus methotrexate may increase kidney problems.
- Methotrexate plus NSAIDS may cause a brief and mild increase in blood problems (Low platelets count).
An antidote for heparin overdosage is
a. Protamine sulphate
- An antidote for heparin overdosage - Protamine sulphate
- In Overdose of heparin, the body is unable to deploy it’s natural defenses against hemorrhage (Excessive bleeding) and life- threatening blood loss can occurs quickly.
- Antidote of Heparin Overdoses: Protamine sulphate. Protamine sulphate is highly cationic peptide that binds to either heparin or low molecular weight heparin to form stable ion pair. This complex is then removed and broken down by the reticuloendothelial system.
- Anticoagulant acid citrate dextrose injection is required to be pyrogens free. Pyrogens are products that causes febrile reaction upon injection.
AlCl3 is used mainly as which of the following
b. Antiperspirant
- AlCl3 is used as Antiperspirant.
- Aluminium Chloride is used widely in manufacturing rubber, lubricants, wood preservatives and paints. It is used in pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
- As a flux in Aluminium melting.
- It is used as an antiperspirant.
Which of the following may be used as plasma expanders
a. Dextrans
- Dextrans may be used as plasma expanders.
- Plasma Expanders: Plasma expanders are agents that have relatively high molecular weight and boost the plasma volume by increasing the osmotic pressure. They are used to treat patients who have suffered hemorrhage or shock.
- Types of plasma expanders:
- Cystalloids: Aqueous solution of mineral salts or other water soluble molecules. Ex: Normal saline, Dextrose and Ringer solutions.
- Colloid: Colloids are large insoluble molecules such as Dextrans, Human albumin, Gelatin, Blood.
An antiemetic that contains principally carbohydrates derivatives is
a. Emetrol
- An antiemetic that contains principally carbohydrates derivatives - Emetrol
- Emetrol is the over the counter antiemetic drug contained phosphorylated carbohydrate used for the relief of nausea due to intestinal flu, stomach flu and food or drink indiscretions.
Note:
- Vesprin (Phenothiazines) are used to treat serious mental and emotional disorders including schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
- Compazine (Prochlorperazine) is a medication used to treat nausea, maigraine, schizophrenia, psychosis and anxiety.
Opium is obtained by which of the following
a. Slitting capsule of a plant
- Opium is obtained by slitting capsules of a plant.
- Opium, Narcotic drug that is obtained from the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), a plant of the family Papaveraceae. Opium is obtained by slightly incising the seed capsule of the poppy after the plant’s flower petals have fallen.
Chlorambucils acts primarily as a
c. Alkylating agents
- Chlorambucil acts as alkylating agent.
- Chlorambucil is an orally administered alkylating agents currently used in the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin and non- Hodgkin lymphomas, and rarely in severe autoimmune conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis and nephrotic syndrome.
For ophthalmic use, boric acid solutions should be
a. Diluted with an equal volume of Sterile Distilled water
- For ophthalmic use, boric acid should be diluted with an equal volume of sterile distilled water.
- Boric acid ophthalmic solution is an eye wash used to cleanse or irrigate eyes. Boric acid provides soothing relief from eye irritation and helps remove pollutant such as smog, chlorine or other chemicals.
Salicyclic acid is used primarily as which of the following
d. Keratolytic agents
- Salicylic acid is used as Keratolytic agents.
- Salicylic acid is belonged to the same class of drug as aspirin, works by increasing the amount of moisture in the skin and dissolving the substances that cause the skin cells to stick together, applied topically for the treatment of hyperkeratotic and scaling skin conditions such as dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, ichthyosis, psoriasis, and acne.
Which of the following is an Expectorant agents
a. Glyceryl guiacholate
- Expectorants agents - Glyceryl guiacholate
- Guaifenesin, also known as glyceryl guaiacholate is an expectorant medication that aids in the elimination of sputum from the respiratory tract.
- Chemically, it is an ether of guaiacol and glycerine.
Note:
Codeine is a pain killer.
The most prevalent adverse reaction of selenium sulfide is
b. Irritation of skin
- Most prevalent adverse reaction of selenium sulfide - Irritation of skin
- Selenium sulfide, an anti- infective agent, relieves itching, and flaking of the scalp and remove the dry, scaly particles that are commonly referred to as dandruff or seborrhea.
- It is also used to treat tinea versicolor, a fungal infection of the skin.
A disadvantage of chloral hydrate is
c. Disagreable odour
- Disadvantage of Chloral hydrate - Disagreable odour
- Chloral hydrate, a sedative is used in the short term treatment of insomnia, and to relieve anxiety and to induce sleep before surgery.
- Also used after surgery for pain and to treat alcohol withdrawal.
Econazole nitrate (Spectazole) is most effective against
a. Fungal infestations
- Econazole nitrate (Spectazole) is most effective against Fungal infestations.
- Econazole nitrate is an antifungal medication of imidazole class used to treat skin infections such as athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm.
- Side effects of Econazole nitrate cream: Burning, itching, stinging, redness or other sign of irritation at the application site.
All tetracycline antibiotics
d. Are destroyed by alkali hydroxide
- All tetracycline antibiotics are destroyed by alkali hydroxide.
Facts related to Tetracycline:
- Tetracycline is yellow, odorless crystalline powder.
- It is stable in air, but exposure to strong sunlight causes it to darken.
- It’s potency is affected in solution of pH below 2 and is rapidly destroyed by alkali hydroxide solution.
- Tetracycline should not be taken with antacids because it forms insoluble complex molecules by metal ions chelation with various antacids; Tetracycline absorption may be decreased by more than 90% by this interaction.
Aminocaproic acid is used to treat
b. Hemorrhage
- Aminocaproic acid is used to treat hemorrhage.
- Aminocaproic acid, antifibrinolytic agent, is a medication used to manage and treat acute bleeding disorder.
- Aminocaproic acid is used in managing hyperfibrinolysis- induced hemorrhage.
The concentration of Nitrofurazone solution used ophthalmically is
c. 0.02%
- The concentration of Nitrofurazone solution used ophthalmically is 0.02%.
- Nitrofurazone is an antimicrobial organic compound belonging to nitrofuran class, used as a topical antibiotic ointment.
- It is effective against gram- positive bacteria, gram - negative bacteria and can be used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.
- Nitrofurazone is used to treat burns that have become infected. Also used to treat skin infections due to skin graft.
Dimethylsulphoxide is no longer used clinically because it was found to produce
d. Eye damage
- Dimethylsulphoxide is no longer used clinically because it was found to produce eye damage.
- Dimethylsulphoxide is the Organo Sulphur compound, mostly used for cryopreservation of stem cells, treatment of interstitial cystitis, and as a penetrating vehicle for various drugs.
a. Ampicillin
- Hetacillin is converted by the body to Ampicillin.
- Hetacillin is a semisynthetic penicillin prodrug which itself has no antibacterial activity, but it is converted in the body to ampicillin and has actions and uses similar to ampicillin.
- Hetacillin is prepared by reacting ampicillin with acetone.
- Ampicillin may give a fake positive diagnostic test for Glucose.
For video: https://youtu.be/cJZ1TV04ii0
Hetacillin is converted by the body to