1.Most important cultivated species of Oat is a. Avena sativa b. Avena byzantine c. Avena abyssisica d. Avena brewis
2.Fodder yield generally obtained from one hectare of area in a year of berseem is a. 10-20 tonne/ha b. 20-30 tonne/ha c. 50-60 tonne/ha d. 80-100 tonne/ ha
3.Best time for sowing of Lucerne crop is a. September b. October c. November d. December
4. Clusterbean is used as: a. Fodder b. Feed c. Vegetable d. All of these
5. Napier cannot withstand: a. Water logging b. Saline soils c. Frost d. All of these
6. Which of the following is the good indicator of Hay? a. green colors leaves b. pleasant aroma c. Free from pathogen d. All
7. Preservative used for silage making is a. Sodium meta bisulphide b. Sulphur dioxide c. Molasses d. All
8.Following is the tree fodder: a. Neem b. Vagai c. Subabul d. Cassia
9. The fodder which has maximum protein content (on dry weight basis): a. Lucerne b. Cowpea c. Berseem d. Oat
10. Lucerne is a ………. fodder crop: a. Annual b. Biennial c. Perennial d. All
11. Hybrid Napier grass is a. Inter specific hybrid b. Intra specific hybrid c. Hybrid d. None
12. Fodder grass tolerate shade is: a. Para grass b. Pennisetum grass c. Guinea grass d. All
13. The nitrogen fixing fodder tree is a. Buted b. Neem c. Subabul d. Acacia
14.Ramblei NDRI selection i and Moopa are the varieties of a. Oat b. Berseem c. Lucerne d. Guar
15. Toxic substance present in Subabul is a. HCN b. Mimosin c. Oxalic acid d. All of them
16. Fodder maize may be intercropped with: a. Lucerne b. Berseem c. Fodder cowpea d. None
17. Barley is an example of: a. Cereal b. Legumes c. Both d None
18.The scientific name of Bajra is: a. Avena sativa b. Sorghum almum c. Pennisetum typhoides d. Zea mays
19. Seed rate of Sorghum is a. 100kg/ha b. 5-7 kg/ha c. 15-20 kg/ha d. 40-50kg/ ha
20. “Makai Chari”is the common name of: a. oat b. Sorghum c. Bajra d. Teosinte
21. Fresh yield of Oat is a. 350 - 400 q/ha b. 600 -1200 q/ha c. 1000q/ha d. 100 q/ ha
22. Variety of bajra is a. D-1941 b. K-674 c. HB3 d. All
ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS
1
a. (Avena sativa)
Most important cultivated species of Oat - Avena sativa
Different varieties of oats cultivated for fodder production are as follow:
-Brunker - 10, FOS-1/29, Kent, Algerian, OS-6;7; 125;346; 377, UPO-94; 212, Bundel Jai- 822;851; 992; 2001-3, JO, JHO, Phula harita
Seed rate required for fodder oat - 80- 100kg/ha (Note: 1ha = 2.47105 acres, 10000-meter square, 19.66 ropani= 3.954 biga)
Yield of oats: Fresh yield 350-400q/ha with maximum yield of 550-600 q
Optimum stage for harvesting of oats for fodder - Dough stage (Dough stage: The seedhead color is changing from green to yellow; the grain starch is changing from soft to hard consistency).
Oat is Rabi crop.
Oat is Annual Cereal Cultivated Fodder
Note: Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer (April to June) while Kharif crops are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September and October.
Rabi crops- wheat, barley, oats, gram, mustard, linseed.
Kharif crops- rice, maize, millet, ragi, pulses, soybean, groundnut.
2.
d. (80-100 tonne/ha)
Fodder yield generally obtained from one hectare of area in a year of Berseem is 80-100 tonne/ha
Facts related to Berseem
Scientific name of Berseem is Trifolium alexandricum
Rhizobium species used for treating berseem seeds is Rhizobium trofolli
Seed treatment is done for best germination by breaking seed dormancy, to protect seeds from Fungi, for proper yield.
Seed rate for berseem fodder: 25-30 kg/ha
Best time for Sowing Berseem crop is 1st fortnight of October
Berseem is also known as King of Forage crop.
Varieties of Berseem: Mescawi, Varda, JB-1, 2 and 3, UPB 103, Pusa giant, Khadarvi, Chindwara.
Berseem is highly palatable fodder as it contains 17% crude protein and 25.9% crude fibers.
Berseem is Annual legume Cultivated Fodder
Regrowth of Berseem after 1st harvest is arrested, if temperature goes beyond 27 degree C
3.
b. (October)
Best time for sowing of Lucerne (Alfalfa) crop is October
Facts related to Lucernes
Scientific name of Lucerne is Medicago sativa
“Lucerne yellow”, physiological disorder is due to deficiency of Boron.
Lucerne is perennial legumes.
Rhizobium species used for treating lucerne seeds is Rhizobium meliloti.
Parasitic weeds that associated with lucerne is Cuscuta. Cuscuta ( dodder) in lucerne can be managed by:
Removing with host plant and burning
-Removing before seed set
Spraying with crude oil
Lucerne fodder crop is originated from South west Asia
4.
d. (All of these)
Clusterbean is used as all i.e. fodder, feed and vegetables.
Right stage of harvesting of fodder clusterbean is early Pod stage.
5.
d. (All of these)
Napier cannot withstands: Water logging, saline soils, frost etc.
Facts related to Napier
Napier, also known as Elephant Grass
Varieties of Napier are: Yeshwant, Gajraj, Pusa Napier -1 etc.
Hybrid Napier can be intercropped with Cowpea, berseem, Lucerne etc.
Best suited soil for Napier grass - Loamy soil
6.
d. (All)
Following are the indicators of good hay:
- Green color leaves
- Pleasant aroma
- Free from pathogen
- Water content less than 20 %
- Optimum stage of harvesting of forage crop for hay making is Forage is at flowering stage.
- -Both Bright sunny hrs. and high relative humidity climatic condition are not suitable for harvest and hay making of crops
- best fodder for hay making- Oat
7.
d. (All)
Preservatives that used for silage making:
Sodium meta bisulphide
Sulphur Dioxide
Molasses
Some Other Facts related to Silage:
Desirable bacteria are one which convert carbohydrate into lactic acid are Lactobacillus and Streptococcus spp.
Silage with good lactic acid content is light brown in color, sharp taste and little smell.
There are some undesirable bacteria's (aerobic bacteria) that oxidized carbohydrate into carbon dioxide and water
Obligates anaerobes (Clostridium) that ferment carbohydrate and lactic acid into butyric acid, also break down amino acids into ammonia and amines, toxic to animals
Butyric silage is olive green in color, rancid smell and unpalatable.
8.
c. (Subabul)
Name of the fodder tree Scientific Name
Subabool Leucaena leucocephala
Gliricidia Gliricidia sepium
Ardu Alianthus excelsa
Agasthi Sesbania grandiflora
Shevri Sesbania sesban
Khejri Prosopis cinereria
Mahua Bassia latifolia
Babul Acacia Nilotica
Neem Azadirachta indica
Kachnar Bauhinia variegata
Safed siris Albizia procera
Lallei Albizia amara
Siris Albizia lebbeck
Shisham Dalbergia sissoo
Mulbery Morus alba
Bola Morus laevigata
Drumstick Moringa oleifera
Kikkar Prosopis chilensis
Ber Ziziphus mauritiana
9.
a. (Lucerne)
The fodder which has maximum protein content (on dry weight basis)- Lucerne
On the basis of Protein content:
-Cereal crops cultivated for fodder includes sorghum, maize, oats and bajra. On dry matter basis the crude protein content ranges from 8-12% (with D.C.P.- 1-2%) with calcium content of 0.4-0.6% and phosphorus content of 0.2-0.5%
-Leguminous crop fodder includes Berseem, Lucerne, Joint Vetch, Vetch, Clover, Cowpea, Centrosome, Stylo, Siratro. On dry matter basis, the digestible Crude Protein contents ranges from 2-3% while Total digestible nutrients are 10-12%
10.
c. (Perennial)
Cultivated Fodder
a. Annual
Cereal: Barley, Deenanath, Maize, Oat, Sorghum, Teosinte, Millet
Legumes: Cluster bean/Guar, cowpea, bean, lathyrus, Rice, Clover
b. Perennial
Cereal: Napier, Guinea grass, Rye grass
Legumes: Lucerne, Clover (Red and White).
11.
a. (Inter specific hybrid)
Hybrid Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum X Pennisetum typhoides) is an inter-specific hybrid between Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides).
12.
c. (Guinea grass)
Fodder grass that tolerates shade is Guinea grass
Fodder that tolerates waterlogged condition - Para grass
Fodder that tolerates alkaline soil- maize and Berseem
13.
c. ( Subabul)
Many of the most important fodder trees are nitrogen fixing species. Through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium soil bacteria these species are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form they can use for growth. This ability enables nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs) to tolerate infertile sites and produce protein-rich fodder without high inputs of artificial N fertilizer.
Examples of Nitrogen- fixing fodder trees: Lallei, siris, Subabul, Kikkar, babul.
14.
c. (Lucerne)
Ramblei NDRI selection i and Moopa are the varieties of Lucerne.
Pusa sadabahar, Pusa Mausmi and Pusa Naubahar are the improved varieties of Guar
15.
d. (All of them)
Toxic substance present in Subabul is All (HCN, Mimosin, Oxalic acid).
16.
c. (Fodder cowpea)
Fodder maize may be intercropped with fodder Cowpea.
17.
a. (Cereal)
Barley is an example of Annual cereal crop.
Cultivated Crop are of two types:
Annual
a. Cereal:
Winter: Oat, Maize, Brassica spp. (Rabi crops)
Summer: Maize, oat, millet, sorghum, Teosinte, Bajra, Italian rye grass
b. Legumes:
Winter: Beseem, Vetch, Lucern
Summer: Cowpea, Velvet, Joint Vetch
Perennial
a. Cereal: Napier, Guinea grass, perennial Rye grass, cocksfoot, Setaria, Molasses, Paspalum
b. Legumes: Clover, Centro, Siratro, Desmodium, Stylo, Kudzu.
18.
c. (Pennisetum typhoides)
| Crop | Scientific Name | Crop | Scientific Name |
| Oats | Avena sativa | Ryegrass | Lolium perenne |
| Jawar | Sorghum almum | Cocksfoot | Dactylis glomerata |
| Bajra | Pennisetum typhoides | Tall fescue | Festuca arundinacea |
| Teosinte | Euchlaena mexicana | Phalaris | Phalaris aquatica |
| Maize | Zea mays | White clover | Trifolium repens |
| Napier | Pennisetum purpureum | Red Clover | Trifolium pretense |
| Blue Panic | Panicum antidotale | ||
| Siratro | Marcoptilium atropurpureum | ||
| Centrocema | Centrosema pubescens | ||
| Molasses | Melinis minutiflora | ||
| Mulato | Brachiaria ruzizensis | ||
| Berseem | Trifolium alexandrinum | ||
| Lucern | Medicago sativa | ||
| Joint Vetch | Aeschynomene americana | ||
| Desmodium | Desmodium intortum | ||
| Stylo | Stylosanthes guianensis | ||
| Glycine | Neonotonia wightii |
19.
b. (5-7 kg/ha)
| Crop | Seed Rate | Crop | Seed rate |
| Oat | 75- 80kg/ha for small, seeded varieties 100-125kg/ha for bold seeded varieties | Siratro | 5 kg/ha |
| Sorghum | 5-7 kg/ha | Cocksfoot | In mixture, 4-10 kg/ha |
| Bajra | Drilling - 10-12kg/ha; sown behind plough- 12-15 kg/ha; broadcasting - 15-20kg/ha; Dibbling - 5-8kg/ha | Tall fescue | In mixture, 16-20 kg/ha |
| Teosinte | 40-50kg/ha | Phalaris | 1-4kg/ha with perennial ryegrass or with cocksfoot and tall fescue, and legumes |
| Maize | 4-12 kg/ha | White Clover | 2-3 kg/ha |
| Napier | 12,500 sets/ ha | Red clover | 4-8 kg/ha |
| Blue panic | 6-7 kg/ha for broadcasting | Lucern | 12-15 kg/ha |
| Mulato | 4-5 kg/ha for broadcasting | Joint Vetch | 40 kg/ha |
| Stylo | 3-5 kg/ha | Glycine | 1-5 kg/ha |
| Centrosema | 4-5 kg/ha | ||
| Berseem | 20-30kg/ha | ||
| Desmodium | 1-2 kg/ha | ||
| Rye grass | in mixture, 10-20 kg/ha |
20.
d. (Teosinte)
Makai chari is the common name of Teosinte
| Crop | Common Name |
| Oat | Jai |
| Sorghum | Almum grass; Columbus grass |
| Bajra | Pearl millet |
| Teosinte | Makai chari |
| Maize | Makai |
| Napier | Elephant grass |
| Blue panic | Giant panic |
21.
a. (350 - 400 q/ha)
Fresh yield of oat is 350-400q/ha with the maximum yield of 550 -600 q/ha
Note: 1 tonne - 1000 kg
1 quintal - 100 kg
| Crop | Yield |
| Oat | Fresh yield 350 -400 q/ha with maximum yield 550 -600 q/ha |
| Sorghum | Dry matter yield 4-10 tonne/ha, can go upto 20tonne/ha/yr |
| Bajra | Dry matter yield 140q/ha |
| teosinte | Dry matter yield 63q/ha |
| Maize | Dry matter yield 15-25 tonne/ha |
| Napier | Dry matter yield 10-30 tonne/ha /annum |
22.
d (All)
| Crop | Varieties |
| Oat | 323/02; Amuri, Awapuni, Bundel 851/810, JHO -822/810, PDLV G5, NARC-1 |
| Bajra | D 1941/2291; L72; K 674/677, HB3/4, PHB 10/12/14 |
| Teosinte | Sirsa |
| Sorghum | Silk and Krish |
| Maize | Dent Maize |
| Napier | Capricorn, Merkeron, mineiro, King grass, Pusa Giant, NB- 5/6/21/35, PBN-233 |
| Blue panic | Strain 297 and 333 |
| Stylo | Cook, Graham, Schofield, CIAT 184, Nina |
| Berseem | Miscavi, Fahl, Saidi, Wardan, Pusa giant, Bl-1,2,10,22, JB-2,3, UPB -103 |
| Rye grass | Grassland Nui, Grassland supernui, Ellet, Yatsyn-1 |
| Cocksfoot | Grassland wana, grassland tekapo, grassland kara |
| Tall fescue | Grassland Advance, Triumph and Dovey |
| Phalaris | Grassland Maru |
| White Clover | Grassland Tahora, Prop, Grassland Huia, Pitau, Prestige, Demand, Sustain and Challenge, Kopu, Aran, Le bons, Cv Khumal |
Note
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