Most important cultivated species of Oat is
a. Avena sativa
- Most important cultivated species of Oat - Avena sativa
- Different varieties of oats cultivated for fodder production are as follow:
- -Brunker - 10, FOS-1/29, Kent, Algerian, OS-6;7; 125;346; 377, UPO-94; 212, Bundel Jai- 822;851; 992; 2001-3, JO, JHO, Phula harita
- Seed rate required for fodder oat - 80- 100kg/ha (Note: 1ha = 2.47105 acres, 10000-meter square, 19.66 ropani= 3.954 biga)
- Yield of oats: Fresh yield 350-400q/ha with maximum yield of 550-600 q
- Optimum stage for harvesting of oats for fodder - Dough stage (Dough stage: The seedhead color is changing from green to yellow; the grain starch is changing from soft to hard consistency).
- Oat is Rabi crop.
- Oat is Annual Cereal Cultivated Fodder
- Note: Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer (April to June) while Kharif crops are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September and October.
- Rabi crops- wheat, barley, oats, gram, mustard, linseed.
- Kharif crops- rice, maize, millet, ragi, pulses, soybean, groundnut.
Fodder yield generally obtained from one hectare of area in a year of berseem is
d. 80-100 tonne/ha
- Fodder yield generally obtained from one hectare of area in a year of Berseem is 80-100 tonne/ha
- Facts related to Berseem
- Scientific name of Berseem is Trifolium alexandricum
- Rhizobium species used for treating berseem seeds is Rhizobium trofolli
- Seed treatment is done for best germination by breaking seed dormancy, to protect seeds from Fungi, for proper yield.
- Seed rate for berseem fodder: 25-30 kg/ha
- Best time for Sowing Berseem crop is 1st fortnight of October
- Berseem is also known as King of Forage crop.
- Varieties of Berseem: Mescawi, Varda, JB-1, 2 and 3, UPB 103, Pusa giant, Khadarvi, Chindwara.
- Berseem is highly palatable fodder as it contains 17% crude protein and 25.9% crude fibers.
- Berseem is Annual legume Cultivated Fodder
- Regrowth of Berseem after 1st harvest is arrested, if temperature goes beyond 27 degree C
Best time for sowing of Lucerne crop is
b. October
- Best time for sowing of Lucerne (Alfalfa) crop is October
- Facts related to Lucernes
- Scientific name of Lucerne is Medicago sativa
- “Lucerne yellow”, physiological disorder is due to deficiency of Boron.
- Lucerne is perennial legumes.
- Rhizobium species used for treating lucerne seeds is Rhizobium meliloti.
- Parasitic weeds that associated with lucerne is Cuscuta. Cuscuta ( dodder) in lucerne can be managed by:
- Removing with host plant and burning
- -Removing before seed set
- Spraying with crude oil
- Lucerne fodder crop is originated from South west Asia
Clusterbean is used as
d. All of these
- Clusterbean is used as all i.e. fodder, feed and vegetables.
- Right stage of harvesting of fodder clusterbean is early Pod stage.
Napier cannot withstand
d. All of these
- Napier cannot withstands: Water logging, saline soils, frost etc.
- Facts related to Napier
- Napier, also known as Elephant Grass
- Varieties of Napier are: Yeshwant, Gajraj, Pusa Napier -1 etc.
- Hybrid Napier can be intercropped with Cowpea, berseem, Lucerne etc.
- Best suited soil for Napier grass - Loamy soil
Which of the following is the good indicator of Hay?
d. All
Following are the indicators of good hay:
- Green color leaves
- Pleasant aroma
- Free from pathogen
- Water content less than 20 %
- Optimum stage of harvesting of forage crop for hay making is Forage is at flowering stage.
- -Both Bright sunny hrs. and high relative humidity climatic condition are not suitable for harvest and hay making of crops
- best fodder for hay making- Oat
Preservative used for silage making is
d. All
- Preservatives that used for silage making:
- Sodium meta bisulphide
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Molasses
Some Other Facts related to Silage:
Desirable bacteria are one which convert carbohydrate into lactic acid are Lactobacillus and Streptococcus spp.
Silage with good lactic acid content is light brown in color, sharp taste and little smell.
There are some undesirable bacteria's (aerobic bacteria) that oxidized carbohydrate into carbon dioxide and water
Obligates anaerobes (Clostridium) that ferment carbohydrate and lactic acid into butyric acid, also break down amino acids into ammonia and amines, toxic to animals
Butyric silage is olive green in color, rancid smell and unpalatable.Following is the tree fodder
c. Subabul
- Name of the fodder tree Scientific Name
- Subabool Leucaena leucocephala
- Gliricidia Gliricidia sepium
- Ardu Alianthus excelsa
- Agasthi Sesbania grandiflora
- Shevri Sesbania sesban
- Khejri Prosopis cinereria
- Mahua Bassia latifolia
- Babul Acacia Nilotica
- Neem Azadirachta indica
- Kachnar Bauhinia variegata
- Safed siris Albizia procera
- Lallei Albizia amara
- Siris Albizia lebbeck
- Shisham Dalbergia sissoo
- Mulbery Morus alba
- Bola Morus laevigata
- Drumstick Moringa oleifera
- Kikkar Prosopis chilensis
- Ber Ziziphus mauritiana
The fodder which has maximum protein content (on dry weight basis)
a. Lucerne
- The fodder which has maximum protein content (on dry weight basis)- Lucerne
- On the basis of Protein content:
- -Cereal crops cultivated for fodder includes sorghum, maize, oats and bajra. On dry matter basis the crude protein content ranges from 8-12% (with D.C.P.- 1-2%) with calcium content of 0.4-0.6% and phosphorus content of 0.2-0.5%
- -Leguminous crop fodder includes Berseem, Lucerne, Joint Vetch, Vetch, Clover, Cowpea, Centrosome, Stylo, Siratro. On dry matter basis, the digestible Crude Protein contents ranges from 2-3% while Total digestible nutrients are 10-12%
Lucerne is a ………. fodder crop
c. Perennial
- Cultivated Fodder
- a. Annual
- Cereal: Barley, Deenanath, Maize, Oat, Sorghum, Teosinte, Millet
- Legumes: Cluster bean/Guar, cowpea, bean, lathyrus, Rice, Clover
- b. Perennial
- Cereal: Napier, Guinea grass, Rye grass
- Legumes: Lucerne, Clover (Red and White).
Hybrid Napier grass is
a. Inter specific hybrid
- Hybrid Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum X Pennisetum typhoides) is an inter-specific hybrid between Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides).
Fodder grass tolerate shade is
c. Guinea grass
- Fodder grass that tolerates shade is Guinea grass
- Fodder that tolerates waterlogged condition - Para grass
- Fodder that tolerates alkaline soil- maize and Berseem
The nitrogen fixing fodder tree is
c. Subabul
- Many of the most important fodder trees are nitrogen fixing species. Through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium soil bacteria these species are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form they can use for growth. This ability enables nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs) to tolerate infertile sites and produce protein-rich fodder without high inputs of artificial N fertilizer.
- Examples of Nitrogen- fixing fodder trees: Lallei, siris, Subabul, Kikkar, babul.
Ramblei NDRI selection i and Moopa are the varieties of
c. Lucerne
- Ramblei NDRI selection i and Moopa are the varieties of Lucerne.
- Pusa sadabahar, Pusa Mausmi and Pusa Naubahar are the improved varieties of Guar
Toxic substance present in Subabul is
d. All of them
- Toxic substance present in Subabul is All (HCN, Mimosin, Oxalic acid).
Fodder maize may be intercropped with
c. Fodder cowpea
- Fodder maize may be intercropped with fodder Cowpea.
Barley is an example of: a. Cereal b. Legumes c. Both d None
a. Cereal
- Barley is an example of Annual cereal crop.
- Cultivated Crop are of two types:
- Annual
- a. Cereal:
- Winter: Oat, Maize, Brassica spp. (Rabi crops)
- Summer: Maize, oat, millet, sorghum, Teosinte, Bajra, Italian rye grass
- b. Legumes:
- Winter: Beseem, Vetch, Lucern
- Summer: Cowpea, Velvet, Joint Vetch
- Perennial
- a. Cereal: Napier, Guinea grass, perennial Rye grass, cocksfoot, Setaria, Molasses, Paspalum
- b. Legumes: Clover, Centro, Siratro, Desmodium, Stylo, Kudzu.
The scientific name of Bajra is
c. Pennisetum typhoides
Crop Scientific Name Crop Scientific Name Oats Avena sativa Ryegrass Lolium perenne Jawar Sorghum almum Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata Bajra Pennisetum typhoides Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Teosinte Euchlaena mexicana Phalaris Phalaris aquatica Maize Zea mays White clover Trifolium repens Napier Pennisetum purpureum Red Clover Trifolium pretense Blue Panic Panicum antidotale Siratro Marcoptilium atropurpureum Centrocema Centrosema pubescens Molasses Melinis minutiflora Mulato Brachiaria ruzizensis Berseem Trifolium alexandrinum Lucern Medicago sativa Joint Vetch Aeschynomene americana Desmodium Desmodium intortum Stylo Stylosanthes guianensis Glycine Neonotonia wightii Fodder crops along with their scientific names Seed rate of Sorghum is
b. 5-7 kg/ha
Crop Seed Rate Crop Seed rate Oat 75- 80kg/ha for small, seeded varieties 100-125kg/ha for bold seeded varieties Siratro 5 kg/ha Sorghum 5-7 kg/ha Cocksfoot In mixture, 4-10 kg/ha Bajra Drilling - 10-12kg/ha; sown behind plough- 12-15 kg/ha; broadcasting - 15-20kg/ha; Dibbling - 5-8kg/ha Tall fescue In mixture, 16-20 kg/ha Teosinte 40-50kg/ha Phalaris 1-4kg/ha with perennial ryegrass or with cocksfoot and tall fescue, and legumes Maize 4-12 kg/ha White Clover 2-3 kg/ha Napier 12,500 sets/ ha Red clover 4-8 kg/ha Blue panic 6-7 kg/ha for broadcasting Lucern 12-15 kg/ha Mulato 4-5 kg/ha for broadcasting Joint Vetch 40 kg/ha Stylo 3-5 kg/ha Glycine 1-5 kg/ha Centrosema 4-5 kg/ha Berseem 20-30kg/ha Desmodium 1-2 kg/ha Rye grass in mixture, 10-20 kg/ha Fodder Crop along with their seed rates “Makai Chari”is the common name of
d. Teosinte
- Makai chari is the common name of Teosinte
Crop Common Name Oat Jai Sorghum Almum grass; Columbus grass Bajra Pearl millet Teosinte Makai chari Maize Makai Napier Elephant grass Blue panic Giant panic Fodder crop along with common names Fresh yield of Oat is
a. 350 - 400 q/ha
- Fresh yield of oat is 350-400q/ha with the maximum yield of 550 -600 q/ha
- Note: 1 tonne - 1000 kg
- 1 quintal - 100 kg
Crop Yield Oat Fresh yield 350 -400 q/ha with maximum yield 550 -600 q/ha Sorghum Dry matter yield 4-10 tonne/ha, can go upto 20tonne/ha/yr Bajra Dry matter yield 140q/ha teosinte Dry matter yield 63q/ha Maize Dry matter yield 15-25 tonne/ha Napier Dry matter yield 10-30 tonne/ha /annum Fodder crop along with their Yield Variety of bajra is
d (All)
Crop Varieties Oat 323/02; Amuri, Awapuni, Bundel 851/810, JHO -822/810, PDLV G5, NARC-1 Bajra D 1941/2291; L72; K 674/677, HB3/4, PHB 10/12/14 Teosinte Sirsa Sorghum Silk and Krish Maize Dent Maize Napier Capricorn, Merkeron, mineiro, King grass, Pusa Giant, NB- 5/6/21/35, PBN-233 Blue panic Strain 297 and 333 Stylo Cook, Graham, Schofield, CIAT 184, Nina Berseem Miscavi, Fahl, Saidi, Wardan, Pusa giant, Bl-1,2,10,22, JB-2,3, UPB -103 Rye grass Grassland Nui, Grassland supernui, Ellet, Yatsyn-1 Cocksfoot Grassland wana, grassland tekapo, grassland kara Tall fescue Grassland Advance, Triumph and Dovey Phalaris Grassland Maru White Clover Grassland Tahora, Prop, Grassland Huia, Pitau, Prestige, Demand, Sustain and Challenge, Kopu, Aran, Le bons, Cv Khumal Crop along with their varieties Note
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