Multiple Choice questions (MCQ) on Livestock Production and Management ( Part-2)

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

1.

b. High in protein

• On the basis of crude fiber and Total Digestible nutrients ( TDN) content, Animal’s feed are of two types: 1. Roughage (>18% CF and < 60% TDN) and 2. Concentrate (<18% CF and >60% TDN).  On the basis of moisture contents, roughage are of two types: Dry roughage (hay and straw- water - <10-15%) and Succulent roughage (Water > 60-90%)
• Furthermore, succulent includes cultivated fodder, silage, tree leaves and Pasture).
• Cultivated fodder are of two types: Leguminous fodder (which contains DCP- 2-3%; CP- 19-22%) while non – leguminous fodder (which contains DCP- 1-2%, CP- 7-9%).
• Although, leguminous fodder contains high CP% but still it cannot be given as source of protein to animals because of anti- nutritional factors in it, which hindrance absorption of protein as well as other nutrients.

2.

c. Succulent, fermented and preserved green fodder

• Silage is succulent (contains 60- 70% moisture), made up of carbohydrate rich green crops (that carbohydrate (sugar) is fermented to acids by lactic acids bacteria, most common- lactobacillus plantarum results in low pH (responsible for preservation of silage from deterioration).
• Best crop for silage making – maize
• Maximum % of alcohol achieved by fermentation – 16%

4 Major Phases of Silage Making:

• Aerobic phase: (1^st few hrs.); Atmospheric Oxygen present between plant particles reduces due to respiration by plant materials and aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganism such as yeast and enterobacteriae. Yeast ferment sugars to ethanol and CO2. Ph. - 6.5-6.0.
• Fermentation phase: Starts when silage become anaerobic, at that time lactic acid bacteria predominant producing lactic acids and other acids. Ph. – 3.8 – 5
•  Stable phase:  Only acid tolerant bacteria survive this phase (Lactobacillus buchneri)
• Aerobic spoilage phase:  Start as soon as silage exposes to air. During feed –out time and when cover is destroyed.

3.

(Nitrogen)

Different types of Fertilizer for crops

• Nitrogen Fertilizer: Nitrate fertilizer (sodium nitrate and Calcium nitrate); Ammonium fertilizer (Ammonium sulfate); Nitrate and Ammonium fertilizer (Ammonium nitrate); Amide fertilizer (Urea and calcium cynamide)
• Phosphorus Fertilizer: Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, NPK and SSP (Single super phosphate)
• Potassium Fertilizer: Burned cucumber skin, sulfate of potassium, magnesia, Illite clay, Kelp, wood ash, green sand, granite dust, saw dust
• Calcium Fertilizer: Calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, quick lime, Magnesium calcium carbonate

4

d. Meat Production

Different breeds of goat:

• Milch breeds of goat: Alpine, Anglo- nubier, Beetal, Damascus, Saneen, Toggenberg
• Meat breed of goat: Black Bengal, Boer
• Dual purpose breed of goat: Jamunapari, Barbari

5.

d. Tetracycline

• Tail rot in cattle is a condition seen in cattle where part of tail rots away, resulting in a shorter ‘stubby’ tail, caused as a result of injury to the tail such as dislocation, break or trauma. Treatment Includes flow of Chloramine- T for 60 minutes at 8mg/L.
• Tail rot or Fin rot in fish is the contagious bacterial disease, results in putrefaction of tail or other fin, caused by Flexibacter columnaris. Treatment includes OTC or Terramycin orally @7.5g/100 kg feed/day for 2 weeks and Dip treatment for 1 min in 500 ppm CuSO4 solutions.

6.

c. Battelli

• Meisher discovered 1^st Crude Purified DNA in the nucleus of WBC in pus.
• Anthrax was 1^st demonstrated by Pasteur.
• Leister gives the 1^st idea of antiseptic surgery.

7.

b. Streptococci

• Glucose (0.3–0.5%) is removed from the liquid egg white prior to drying by fermentation using a yeast or by oxidation to gluconic acid using a glucose oxidase–catalase enzyme system. With glucose removed, dried egg whites are completely stable.
• During yeast fermentation and oxidase-catalase enzyme system, there is formation of melanoidin which may damage the product.  So, Glucose was eliminated from egg white using microorganisms, to prevent melanoidin formation
• Melanoidins are brown, high molecular weight heterogeneous polymers that are formed when sugars and amino acids combine (through the Maillard Reaction) at high temperatures and low water activity.
• Desugarization was achieved by means of Acetobacter xylinum, Streptococcus lactis, Propionibacterium shermanii, Pr. Petersonii and propionicacid cocci.

8

c. Tick

An organism which lives in or on other organism and get shelter and nourishment is considered as parasite.

Parasites are of two types:

• Ectoparasites:  Ecto refers out, those parasites which lives on the surfaces of host body, are ectoparasites. Examples of ectoparasites: lice, flea, flies, ticks, mites and mosquitoes.
• Endoparasites: Endo refers inside, those parasites which lives within the body of host, are endoparasites. Examples of endoparasites: Cestodes (tapeworm), Trematodes (flukes), Nematodes (Roundworm) etc. 

9.

d. Both Hepatitis and Polio

• Hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted via contaminated food and water while hepatitis B, C and D usually transmitted via parenteral contact with infected body fluids.
• Polio are typically transmitted via contaminated Food and water.
• AIDS are transmitted via sexual contact with infected person and contact with infected blood.

10.

d. Angiology

• Arthrology- Study of Joints
• Dermatology- Study of skin
•  Esthesiology- Study of sense organs and sensation

11

d. All

• Axial skeleton included Skull, sternum, Ribs, vertebral column)
• Appendicular skeleton included limbs (Both forelimbs and hind limbs), pelvic and pectoral girdle.

12

c. Enamel

• Hardest tissue in body- Dentine
• Hardest Connective tissue in body- Bone 

13

c. Trotting (Between walk and a run)

While pacing, fore and hind feet of same side touches the ground.

14

c. All

• Hemoglobin is the iron (heme) containing oxygen transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells.
• Myoglobin is also a one iron (heme) containing protein, resembles hemoglobin but binds with one rather than four molecules of oxygen. Its binding characteristics are such that it takes up oxygen from hemoglobin in the blood and release it for use into the mitochondria where oxidative reactions occur. 
• Cytochromes are redox- active proteins containing a heme, involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis.

15

• 180 feet (near to 160- 170 feet among all options)
• The length of intestine of ruminant is 50-52 meter (160-170 feet), in which length of small intestine is 40m (Duodenum -1m, Jejunum- 38m, Ileum- 1m) and that of large intestine is 11m (Caecum- 0.75m, Colon- 10m, Rectum- 0.25m).

16.

(5.7-6.8) slightly acidic

Other Important Facts related to Rumen are:

• Average temperature of Rumen- 39 degree Celsius
• Oxidation- Reduction potential of Reticulo- ruminal environment - -350mV
• Mean Ruminal turnover rates across periods for liquid, grain and hay were 8.1, 4.4 and 3.9% per hrs.
• Major gases found in rumen- CO2 (67%), CH4 (26%) and O2.
• Amount of volatile fatty acids produced in rumen – 150mM
• Bacterial contents in rumen of cow - 5-30 *10^10 in number/ 0.036ml/ml of rumen fluid
• Protozoan number in rumen of cow – 0-20* 10^6 in number

17

b. Vela terminalis (Fold of mucus membrane at junction of abomasum and omasum)

Sela turcica is the depression in the sphenoid bone, where pituitary gland rests.

18

(Both water and volatile fatty acids are absorbed in omasum)

19

b. (Dog)

-Comparison of stomach acidity, carnivores and scavengers have higher acidic stomach as compare to Mammals and birds( Herbivores) as their feed is different ( meat). 

20.

a. (6.5-7.0)

• Slightly acidic pH of large intestine is due to formation of volatile fatty acids, produced in animals. Besides Rumen, Caecum is the major site where fermentation occurs.
• In grass eating simple stomach animal (For Ex: Horse) - Caecum is quite developed and large.
• Amount of volatile fatty acids in large intestine is 7mM whereas in caecum is 60mM. 

21

Horse

 Horse has the largest esophageal region while esophageal region is absent in Dog. 

22.

(Goat)

• Pig also don’t have sweat glands
• Dog/cat sweat via their paws.

23

b. (Cattle and Birds)

Animals Shape of kidney

• Cattle Lobulated and Bean – Shaped
• Horse Non- lobulated (Right – Heart shaped and left- bean shaped)
• Dog Non lobulated and bean shaped
• Pig Slightly lobulated and bean shaped
• Fowl Elongated and Lobulated 

24

d. (All)

• Lymph vessels are the vessels which transports the tissue fluids to the blood streams.
• Finally, the lymph vessels end at the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct which open into the venous system.
• Lymph vessels are mainly distributed in the mucous, serous and synovial membranes, glands and in skins but not found in the nervous system and eye.

25

b. (0033/3133)

Animals Dental Formula

• Cattle, buffalo goat sheep 0033/3133
• Dog 3142/3143
• Horse 3133/3133
• Pig 3143/3143

26

Leghorn

• Breeds of poultry used for egg purpose: Leghorn, Hyaline, Lohman
• Breeds of Poultry used for meat Purpose: Cobb500, VennCobb500

27

b. Cerebellum

• Cerebrum is responsible intelligence, learning, judgement, speech and memory, sense of hearing, vision, taste and smell, skeletal m/s movements.
• Cerebellum is responsible for balance, coordination and posture.
• Medulla Oblongata is responsible for controlling heart rates, breathing, Blood pressure, vomiting, Swallowing, Digestion.  

28.

b. (S1 and S4 level)

• Spinal cord ends at S1 in adult cattle and S3 in young one.
• Spinal cord in pig ends at the level of S2.
• End of the spinal cords contains a lashes of long nerve roots, called Cauda equine.  

29.

d. (Erythropoietin/ Erythropoietic factor)

• Erythropoietic factor stimulates Bone marrow to Produce RBC.
• Kidney also secretes renin which convert Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin

30.

c. (7.7%)

Animal Percentage of live b.wt. as blood volume

• Cattle 7.7%
• Horse 6.6%
• Sheep 8%
• Dog 5.5-9.1%

Other Facts related to Blood:

• Ph. of the blood of cattle – 7.4
• Ratio of protein and other substance in plasma = 7:1
• % of water present in Plasma = 92%
• Color of plasma in cow and horse which are fed on green forage = Bright Yellow
• Plasma minus fibrinogen and other clotting factors is serum

31.

b. non-nucleated and oval

• Fish, Amphibian, Reptiles, and Birds etc. have nucleated and oval shaped RBC
• RBC of Mammals – Non – nucleated and biconcave
• Other RBC related facts:
• Largest size RBC is in Dog
• Average life span of RBC in man is 120 days and in Dog is 124 days
• RBC of which animal is resistant water deprivation and don’t burst easily – Camel
• RBC in million per cubic mm of blood in cattle – 5-9million/cubicmm

31.

d. CSF

• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates.
• The CSF is produced by specialized ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations.
• The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid matter and the pia matter) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.
• CSF acts as a cushion or buffer, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull. CSF also serves a vital function in the cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.

33.

c. (189-290 mg/dl

Normal range of Different components in Blood of Cattle:

Components Values

• Glucose 35-55mg/dl
• Calcium 9-11mg/dl
• Phosphorus 4-7mg/dl 
• Magnesium 1.2-3.5mg/dl

34

c. Tharparkar

• Milch Breed of cattle: Jersey, Holstein, Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Tharparkar
• Dual purpose Breeds of Cattle: Haryana, Ongole, Rathi, Kankrej, Nimari, Dangi, Mewati
• Draft purpose breed of cattle: Amritmahal, Hallikar, Khillari, kangayam, Malvi

35.

(Zebu Cattle)

Actually, suckling of calf initiate a reflex. In response of this reflex, oxytocin releases from posterior pituitary gland into blood. Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for milk let down.  

36.

b. 4.9%

Standard for milk fat and SNF

Milk Milk fat Solid Not Fat

• Cow’s milk 3.5% 8.5%
• Buffalo’s milk 5% 9%
• Goat’s and Sheep’s milk 3% 9%
• Standardized milk 4.5% 8.5%
• Recombined milk 3% 8.5%
• Double toned milk 1.5% 9%
• Skim milk 0.5% 8.7%
• Toned milk 3% 8.5%

37.

(Buffalo)

Heat regulating mechanism is least efficient in buffalo. Buffaloes in hot conditions increases blood volume and flow to the skin’s surface to maintain high skin temperature and facilitates heat dissipation by physical mechanisms such as radiation, where heat is lost from the body’s surface to a cooler object by convection.  

38.

c. November to March

Buffaloes are short day breeder, comes into heat during winter season, conceive and its gestation month is 10 month and 10days, eventually its parturition time is in again winter month.

Note:

• Cow, Sow and Rabbits- Polyestrous
• Mare, ewe, doe, Buffalo, cat- Seasonal polyestrous (Mare and cat are long day breeder and ewe, doe and buffalo are short day breeder)
• Dog is mono/Diestrus

39

c. (More vitamin E and less cholesterol)

Some facts about buffalo’s milk:

• Buffalo’s milk contains 30% more solid% than cow’s milk.
• Peroxide activity is 2-4 times more than cow’s milk
• Buffalo milk is less suitable for infant feeding, for cheese and rasogulla making
• Butter made from buffalo’s milk is hard while that of cow’s milk is soft.  

40.

(Both Sheep and Buffalo)

41. 

(Buffalo and Sheep) 

42.

a. (After birth within 2 hrs. @ 1-1.5kg/day for 5 days)

- After birth of calf, colostrum should be fed as soon (within 2hrs.)

43. 

b. (Half kg less than the 1/10^th of body weight.)

Milk requirement for cow’s calf is 1/10^th of body weight.

44.

c. (60-90days)

Drying period in cow is of 40-80 days.

45  

Pneumonia> Enteritis> Toxemia> Bloat

46.

b. (Cotyledonary)

Classification of Placenta  

Species	Gross shape of Placenta	Microscopic structure	Loss of Maternal tissue at birth
Mare and Sow	Diffuse	Epitheliochorial	Non- deciduate
Ruminants	Cotyledonary	Syndesmochorial	Non- deciduate
Dogs and Cats	Zonary	Endotheliochorial	Deciduate
Human and monkey	Discoidal	Hemochorial	Deciduate

47.

b. (15 months)

• Calving intervals refers to the period between one calving to another.
• Calving interval in cow is 12 months.

48.

Between 12-24hrs. from onset of estrus

Animals A.I. time

• Cow Middle of estrus (12-24 hrs. after onset of estrus)
• Mare 2- 4 days before end of estrus
• Ewe 12-24 hrs. after onset of estrus
• Doe 24-36 hrs. after onset of estrus
• Sow 12-30 hrs. after onset of estrus
• Bitch 10-14 days after proestrus bleeding
• Queen Anytime in heat
• Rabbit Anytime in heat

49.

(Higher than cattle)

Dry matter requirement of cattle is 2.5% of their b.wt while in case of buffalo is 3% of their b.wt.

50.

Higher than cattle

Others important facts about buffaloes:

• Buffaloes shows resistance to diseases like brucellosis, FMD
• Ascariasis and Toxocara vitulorum infestation are associated with buffalo calf mortality.
• Buffalo converted carotene available in body wholly into vitamin A.

Note

For video: https://youtu.be/8aAegSQBhcw

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For Multiple Choice Questions on Livestock Production and Management (Part-3), visit site.