Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Veterinary Pathology (Part-7)

Multiple Choice questions

1. The order of occurrence of Rigor- mortis is: a. Head, neck, trunk, limbs b. Head, limb, neck and trunk c. Limb, trunk, neck, head d. Trunk, limb, head, neck
2. Delivery of leucocyte particularly neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury is known as: a. Cellular response of injury b. Vascular response of injury c. Physiological response of injury d. All
3. The antienzyme which inhibits the pus formation in T.B. consists of: a. Saturated fatty acids b. Unsaturated fatty acids c. Mixture of both d. Consists only protein
4. The cells which cannot undergoes mitotic division in postnatal life is known as: a. Permanent/Non dividing cells b. Labile/ continuously dividing cells c. Stable/ quiescent cells d. None
5. Which wound is healed by 1st intention: a. Excessive loss of tissue b. Healing of open wound c. Healing of close wound d. Both a and b
6. Which of the following are neoplastic cells: a. Transformed cells b. Tumor cells c. Both d. None
7. In lung worm disease, fecal sample preserved by: a. Refrigeration b. Addition of 10% formalin in 1:4 ratio of fecal material c. Addition of 20% formaldehyde in 1:4 ratio of fecal materials d. Addition of 40% formalin in 1:4 ratio of fecal sample
8. In histopathological technique, dehydration is done by: a. Descending series of alcohol b. Ascending series of alcohol c. Absolute alcohol d. Diluted alcohol
9. Blue baby condition is due to which anomaly: a. Patency of foramen ovale b. Interventricular foramina persistency c. Ectopia cardis d. Diplocardia
10. In shock, toxemia and hypoxemia, which type of hemorrhage are seen commonly: a. Diffuse hemorrhage b. Ecchymosis c. Both d. Petechial
11. Round heart disease is most commonly occurs in: a. Cow b. Bitch c. Ewe d. Hen
12. In which condition there is inflammation of all three layers of the wall of artery occurs: a. Equine viral arteritis b. Anterior mesenteric arteritis in horse c. Polyarteritis nodosa d. All
13. If the sac is formed by surrounding CT not by artery then it is known as: a. True aneurysm b. False aneurysm c. Saccular aneurysm d. Dissecting aneurysm
14. Polycythemia is a. Increase in circulating RBC and the RBC is normochromic and normocytic b. Increase in number of RBC and the RBC is macrocytic and normochromic c. Increase in number of RBC and the RBC is macrocytic and hyperchromic d. None
15. Which is commonest symptoms of viral feline panleukopenia: a. Agranulocytosis b. Polycythemia c. Anemia d. Granulocytosis
16. Narrowing of Bronchial lumen is known as: a. Bronchostenosis b. Bronchoectasis c. Both d. None
17. In which gastritis, mucosa may be thrown into polypoid folds: a. Chronic gastritis b. Catarrhal gastritis c. Acute hemorrhagic d. None
18. Hepatitis is a. Inflammation of liver b. Alternative inflammation of liver c. Inflammation of liver not associated with degeneration d. none
19. Increase of NPN material in blood due to dehydration, rapid break down of protein or increased metabolism is known as: a. Uremia b. Azotemia c. Creatinemia d. Proteinemia
20. Which nephritis is due to antigen-antibody reaction to foreign proteins: a. Pyelonephritis b. Interstitial nephritis c. Tubular nephritis d. Glomerulonephritis
21. Paresis is: a. Incomplete loss of motion b. Complete immobility of a muscles c. Any of above d. None
22. Which inflammation does not occurs in brain? a. Catarrhal b. Fibrinous c. Suppurative d. Both b and c
23. Kumri in horse is caused by: a. Toxoplasma gondii b. Setaria digitata c. Coenurus cerebralis d. Hypoderma bovis
24. Curvature of the spine with ventral convexity is known as: a. Kyphosis b. Lordosis c. Scoliosis d. Apodia
25. Absence of the posterior limb is known as: a. kyphosis b. Lordosis c. Apodia d. Scoliosis
26. Osteodystrophy fibrosa in horses is known as: a. Bran disease b. Big head disease c. Millers disease d. All
27. Exostosis of osteophytes have the structure of: a. Compact bone b. Spongy bone c. Spongy bone but do not have haversian system d. Compact bone but do not have haversian system
28. Hypothyroidism causes which disease in young growing children: a. Myxedema b. Cretinism c. Both a and b d. None
29. Thickening of epidermis due to hyperplasia of cells of Malpighian layer is known as: a. hyperkeratosis b. pachyderma c. Acanthosis d. Parakeratosis
30. Dilation of pupil is known as:
31. a. Myiasis b. Mydriasis c. Ankyloblepharon d. Coloboma

Correct Answer is

1

b. (Head, limb, neck and trunk )
The order of occurrence of Rigor mortis : Head, Limb, Neck, and Trunk
The order at which Rigor mortis disappear: Head, neck, trunk, and limb
Rigor mortis starts 1-8 hrs after death while rigor mortis disappear 20-30 hrs after death
After disappearing rigor mortis, it doesn’t reappears
Most commonly displaced organ after death - intestine

2.

a. (Cellular response of injury)
When there is injury, delivery of leucocytes particularly neutrophils and monocytes at the site of injury is known as cellular response of injury.
Sequences of leucocytic events includes:
Margination- Adhesion - Emigration- Chemotaxis - Phagocytosis - Extracellular release of leucocytic products
1st line of defense - Neutrophils while 2nd line of defense - Macrophages
The chemical substances which induces inflammation, and reaches at site of inflammation in second - Chemical mediator.
-The substances which activates inactive mediators - Activators
-Examples of Activators - Cytokines, Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins
-Cytokines are produced by activated lymphocyte and macrophages; Leukotrienes is generated by lipoxygenase pathways; Prostaglandins is generated by cyclooxygenase pathways.
-If cytokines acts on same cells that reduces them - Autocrine effect; If cytokines acts on cell in immediate vicinity - Paracrine effect and if cytokines acts systemically - endocrine effect

3.

b. (Unsaturated fatty acids)
The antienzyme which inhibits the pus formation in T.B. consists of unsaturated fatty acids.
Pus is composed of necrotic tissues, neutrophils, other constituents of inflammation ( Exudates) etc.
Pus is alkaline in nature
Streptococcus or Staphylococcus produces white or yellow pus.
Cornebacteria produces greenish pus
Disintegrating hoof material produces black pus
-Pyocananeous bacillus produces blue green pus
Extend of proteolysis determines viscosity of pus.

4.

a. (Permanent/Non dividing cells)
The cells which can't undergo mitotic division in postnatal life - Permanent/ Not dividing cells - Examples of permanent/ not dividing cells: Nerve cells/ skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
The cells which continuously proliferate throughout life - Labile/ continuously dividing cells
Examples of Labile/continuously dividing cells - Epithelium, cells of splenic lymphoid and haemopoietic tissue
The cells which have low level of proliferation, can undergo rapid division in response to stimuli - Stable/quiscent cells
Examples of Stable/quiescent cells: Parenchymal, Mesenchymal and Vascular endothelial cells
Repairs by regenerations occurs in Epithelium, blood vessel, epidermis, mesothelium, Tendon, ligament, Cartilage and bone while regeneration can't occurs in Nerve cells, secretory epithelium of glands and seminiferous epithelium.

Note:

The main structural component for organized regeneration: Basement membrane

5.

c. (Healing of close wound)
Healing of close wound occurs by 1st intention or primary intention when the wound edges are approximated e.g. suture, staple or glue. In healing by 1st intention, resulting tissue is called cicatrix or scar. In close wound, healing begins within 12 hrs. In 1st intention wound, granulation tissue appears on day 3.
Healing of open wound or when there is excessive loss of tissue, healing occurs by second intention when the wound edges are not approximated and wound needs to heal from the bottom. Pus is visible in open wound by 2nd day. Macrophages replaced neutrophils in open wound in 48-72 hrs.
When movement or trauma prevents healing of tissue wound and granulation tissue continuous to produce in excess, it is known as Proud flesh.
After healing, Scar is formed. When scar continue to grow, this mass of CT called as Keloid
Glucocorticoids, Cortisone, Penicillin, decrease polysaccharide level, Advance age and low protein diet, Chalone etc… All are decreasing healing process.
Substances like protein, carbohydrates, arginine, glutamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids, Vit A , Vit C , magnesium, copper and zinc, iron promotes wound healing.

6.

c. Both ( Both Transformed and Tumor cells are neoplastic cells)

Some Facts related to tumor:

Study of tumor - Oncology
Tubercular lesion is example of reparative process
Characteristics of neoplasia: Cells proliferate continuously without purpose of proliferation
Characteristics of malignant tumor: Anaplasia, Invasiveness, presence of abnormal mitotic cells and atypical blood vessel, loss of polarity, metastasis ( Occurs through lymph, blood)
Most susceptible age for cancer in man ( after 50 yrs); in cattle ( after 8-10 yrs); In dog ( after 5 yrs)
Eye cancer is more in Hereford cattle; Malignant melanoma common in grey and white horse; Tumour of sweat gland, mammary gland , venereal tumor common in dog ( Primarily young dog)
Carcinogen present in tar- Benzepyrine; carcinogen causes bladder carcinoma - Cyclic hydrocarbon of naphthalene; carcinogen synthesized from cholic acid - Methylcholanthrene; causes of carcinoma of urinary bladder in human - Schistosoma haematobium; causes of carcinoma of oesophagus in human - Spirocerca lupi; causes of carcinoma of papilliferous cystadenoma of bile duct epithelium in rabbit - Eimeria stiedae; Shopefibroma in wild rabbit is caused by virus.
Complete carcinogens have capability of both ( Initiators (All are carcinogenic) and promotor ( All are non carcinogenic).
Most favored pathways for spread of sarcoma- hematogenous pathway; most favored pathways for spread of carcinoma - Lymphatic pathways; most favored pathways for spread of malignant tumor of mucus and serous surface- Transcoelomic pathways

7.

a. (Refrigeration)
In lung worm disease, fecal sample is preserved by Refrigeration
Nervous tissue is preserved in 70-80% alcohol or 95% methylated spirit
Material containing virus should be preserved in 50% Glycerine
Optimum size of tissue for preservation - 2-3cm 1-2cm 0.5-1 cm
Fecal sample is preserved in 5% formalin
Fecal sample suspected for coccidia should be preserved in 1% formalin or 2.5% potassium dichromate
Serum is preserved in phenol; Milk is preserved for bacteriological examination by ice; milk is preserved for tubercular organism by 0.1% boric acid; Urine is preserved for bacteriological examination by ice; Urine is preserved for chemical examination by pure formalin; Blood smear for chemical examination are preserved by Potassium oxalate.
Blood smear and pus smear for bacteria are fixed by passing slowly over the flame; Blood smear for protozoa are fixed by Methyl alcohol.

Note:

Heparin is added in blood sample at rate of 0.2mg/ml of blood.

8.

b.( Ascending series of alcohol)
In histopathological technique, dehydration is done by ascending series of alcohol.
Since dehydration is simply the removal of water from aqueous- fixed tissue. Since most fixative are aqueous, this step is necessary to prepare tissue for embedding in non- aqueous media like paraffin. Alcohol are most commonly used in lab for tissue dehydration, since they miscible with aqueous fixatives like 10% formalin. In this step, the alcohol penetrates tissue quickly and water is replaced with alcohol.
Size of tissue section in section cutting of histopathological technique should be 4-6 microns.
In histopathological technique, tissue can be fixed by 10% formalin, zenker’s fluid, carnoy’s fluids. ( Carnoy’s fluid - requires shortest time for fixation)
Clearing in histopathology is the process of replacing dehydrant with substance which is miscible with embedding medium or paraffin wax. Most commonly used clearing agent of tissue are xylene or benzene, Cidar wood oil, Chloroform or carbon tetrachloride

9.

a. (Patentcy of foramen ovale)
Blue baby condition is seen due to patency of foramen ovale while tetrology of fallot ( combination of four congenital heart defects- ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, misplaced aorta, thickened right ventricular wall) gives blue babies condition in human.
Ectopia cardis - the condition in which heart is found outside the thorax
Diplocardia - the condition in which two heart is found
Systolic murmur is present in Interventricular foramina persistency, Pulmonic and subaortic stenosis
If clot is completely block the heart, the condition called cardiac temponade
The commonest cardiac anomalies is Interarterial septal defect.
Patent ductus arteriosus ( Persistent opening between two major blood vessels - Aorta and pulmonary artery) is also known as ductus botalli.
Very great dilation of heart is known as Cor bovinum

10.

d. (Petechial)
in shock, toxaemia, and hypoxemia, petechial hemorrhage is commonly seen similarly, petechial hemorrhage also seen in purpura hemorrhagica of horse while in sweet clover poisoning, diffuse and echhymosis hemorrhage are seen.
Traumatic pericarditis is the cause of pyopericardium
In fibrinous pericarditis, Shaggy heart along with bread and butter appearance occur. Cause of fibrinous pericarditis is Rheumatic fever. Cor rugusum (Wrinkled or folded) heart appearance is seen in Suppurative pericarditis. Fine frost appearance of heart is seen in uric acid pericarditis. Uric acid pericarditis occurs in fowl suffering from visceral gout. Tubular pericarditis is common in cattle.
Constrictive pericarditis ( A condition where pericardium becomes thick and stiff, interferes with heart’s pumping ability) caused due to pyogenic staphylococcal infection and tubercle bacilli infection.
Heart enlarged with thickened wall and lumen of chamber get narrowed, condition known as Concentric hypertrophy while if Hypertrophy accompanied with dilation, called Eccentric hypertrophy.

11.

d. (Hen)
Round heart disease, characterized by myodegeneration, deformation of heart and sudden death is most commonly seen in hen, specially in summer season caused due to fed diet rich inn carbohydrate, poor in protein and also in zinc toxicity.
Mulberry heart disease ( also called myopathy), specific disease of heart muscles, common cause of sudden death, seen in pigs associated with lack of Vit-E and selenium in diet.
Heart worm ( Dirofilaria imitis), is parasite of Myocardium, found in right ventricle of heart of dog.
Cysticercus cellulosae is found in heart muscles of Pig
Cattle, Sheep, Pig etc. all are susceptible to Sarcocystis tenella in his heart muscles.
In endocarditis, endocardium of valve is mostly affected, specially mitral valve in case of Endocarditis in dog.

12.

c. (Polyarteritis nodosa)
In polyarteritis nodosa, there is inflammation of all layers of the wall of artery.
Equine viral arteritis is an acute arteritis

13.

b. (False aneurysm)
If sac is formed by Surrounding CT, not by artery then it is known as False aneurysm
If there is formation of a pouch on one side of the wall, then it is known as Saccular aneurysm.
Millary aneurysm ( Also known as berry aneurysm) is aneurysm of minute arteries usually seen in cranium and it is congenital.
Elastic artery ( Ex: Aorta) is large artery
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis gives onion skin appearance to arteries.
Buerger’s disease is chronic inflammation of Artery
Formation of RBC in foetal life occurs in liver while in adult life occurs in Bone marrow. While Erythropoiesis and Granulopoiesis in poultry is intravascular.
After birth, Lymphocytes are formed in Bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen.

Note:

Purplish coccoid granules seen at the periphery of the erythrocytes in animals due to impaired heme synthesis known as Pappenheimer bodies.

14.

a. (Increase in circulating RBC and the RBC is normochromic and normocytic)
Polycythemia is increase in circulating RBC and the RBC is normocytic and Normochromic
Relative polycythemia is reduction in total blood volume with normal number of RBC
Absolute polycythemia is normal blood volume with increase in total number of RBC
Relative Oligocythemia is increase in total blood volume with normal number of RBC
Absolute oligocythemia is condition in which production of RBC by hemopoiesis is equal to destructions

Note:

Anemia in which production is low, but destruction of RBC is normal - Dyshaemopoietic

15.

a. (Agranulocytosis)
Commonest symptoms of viral feline panleukopenia - Agranulocytosis
Condition occurs in protozoal and rickettsial infection - Monocytosis
Condition common in viral infection- Lymphocytosis
Cell infitrated predominantly in suppurative lymphadenitis: Neutrophils

Note:

Lymphocyte that are damaged during preparation of smear: Smudge cells

16.

a. (Bronchostenosis)
Narrowing of bronchial lumen, known as bronchostenosis while dilation of bronchus - Bronchiectasis ; Uniform dilation of bronchus - cylindrical bronchiectasis; An outpouching of bronchial wall - Saccular bronchiectasis
Atelectasis: Collapse of alveoli ( Failure of alveoli to open and contain air). Collapse of alveoli is always focal. Pneumothorax cause atelectasis of lung. while Emphysema: Increase air in lung. Broken wind or heaves is chronic alveolar emphysema, seen in equine. The Sequelae of Heaves is hypertrophy and dilation of right ventricles.
Microscopic lesion of congestion of lung - Alveoli contains red cells and heart failure cells; Microscopic lesion of infarction of lung- Alveoli, capillaries and septa is filled with blood; microscopic lesion of hemorrhage of lung - Blood may be found in alveoli, bronchi and bronchiole.
The pneumonia in which whole lobes is affected, characterized by catarrhal exudates of alveolus- Lobar/ Croupous pneumonia
The pneumonia in which only lobule is affected, characterized by catarrhal exudates of alveolus - lobular/catarrhal/ bronchopneumonia ( Anterior and ventral part of lung is commonly affected).
Stages of pneumonia- stage of congestion - stage of red hepatization - stage of grey hepatization
In Aspiratory pneumonia, affected part is greenish or black in color while verminous pneumonia occurs due to helminths parasite. There is inflammation of alveolar septa in interstitial pneumonia, characterized by presence of hyaline membrane and foetalisation or epitheliolisation of lung. In mycotic pneumonia, nodular lesion are found in Trachea, bronchi , Air-sacs.
In Jaagsiekte (contagious carcinoma affecting lungs of sheep, caused by retro virus), alveoli show adenomatosis and lesions are focal while In Maedi ( Respiratory disease of sheep caused by lentivirus) , lymphadenitis occurs and lung is not collapse while thorax is opened.

17.

a. (Chronic gastritis)
In chronic gastritis, mucosa may be thrown into Polypoid folds.
Strongyles parasites causes Catarrhal gastritis
In gastric ulcer, healed gastric ulcer have star- like appearance
Meckle’s diverticulum is persistant omphalomesenteric duct
-Caecum undergoes torsion more in cattle while left and transverse colon undergoes torsion more in horse.
-Intussusception ( telescopy of a portion of intestine into another usually anterior into posterior) occurs mostly in jejunum and caecum in dogs and cattle
Violent straining during parturition or defecation is cause of Hernia.
Umbilical hernia occurs in foal, calves and pups.
When hernia does n’t have parietal peritoneal covering of viscus, called False hernia. Opening of skill will reveal the bowel in case of false hernia, called eventration.
In pig, predisposing factors of enteritis is deficiency of animal proteins and trace elements.

18.

b.( Alternative inflammation of liver )
Hepatitis is alternative inflammation of liver.
Cirrhosis is chronic hepatitis, characterized by fibrosis, degeneration and hyperplasia of hepatic cells
Periportal necrosis is commonly seen in Phosphorus poisoning.
A peculiar type of wedge shaped necrosis occurs only one side of central vein - Paracentral necrosis

19.

b. (Azotemia)
Increase of NPN material in blood due to dehydration, rapid break down of protein or increased metabolism, known as Azotemia.
-Azotemia due to renal cause known as uremia; Toxic syndrome resulting from renal insufficiency also known as uremia. Uremia is characterized as Hyperplasia of parathyroid, metastatic calcification and dyshaemopoietic anemia.
Cyst in kidney is both congenital and acquired condition
-Degenerative renal lesion - nephrosis
In hydronephrosis, whole kidney converted into bag with paper- thin capsule.
In lower nephron nephrosis, lesions are found in ascending loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules, due to large quantity of hemoglobin excreted through kidney.
In dogs and cats, oxalates nephrosis occurs by swallowing ethylene glycols
In Mercury poisoning, Sulphonamide poisoning, oxalate nephrosis, lesion are in proximal convoluted tubules.
To prevent sulphonamide nephrosis, sulphonamide is administered with Sodium bicarbonate and water
Pyelonephritis is suppurative nephritis, there is ascending infection, stasis of urine is predisposing factor for pyelonephritis, characterized by inflammation of all parts of kidney involving pelvis and parenchyma of kidney.
Most common type of nephritis in animals - Interstitial nephritis

20.

d. (Glomerulonephritis)
Glomerulonephritis is due to antigen -antibody reaction to foreign proteins, Glomerulonephritis occurs in horse which are used for antisera production.
-Small granular contracted kidney and thickened capsule peels with difficulty - Chronic interstitial nephritis while In acute nephritis, kidney is of normal size or slightly enlarged and capsule strips off easily - Acute interstitial nephritis. In acute interstitial nephritis, heaviest infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells occurs at Cortico- medullary junction.
Large white kidney and Epithelial crescents in Bowman’s capsule is characteristics lesion of Sub acute glomerulonephritis
Presence of casts in urine - Clyindruria . Note: Hyaline casts is cylindrical in shape, colorless and dissolve in acetic acids
In pyaemic or embolic nephrosis, abscess found in cortex are circular while abscess found in medulla is elongated. All abscess found in pyaemic nephrosis are same age and size.

21.

a. (Incomplete loss of motion)
Paresis: Incomplete loss of motion
Paralysis: Complete immobility of a muscles
In paraplegia ( Paralysis of hind limb), paralysis arises in cord.

22.

a. (Catarrhal)
Catarrhal inflammation does not occurs in brain.
When a neuron is damaged, oligodendroglial and microglial crowd around such cells without actually invading them - Satellitosis
The died nerve cells are invaded by microglial and oligodendroglial and removed by phagocytosis known as neurophagia in which nerve cells become irregular, nucleus pyknotic, clumping and condensation of nissl granules and sclerosis of processes.
Anomaly in which there is absence of most of brain - Anencephaly
Complete failure of cranial development - acrania; Absence of spinal cord - Amyelia; Defect in the wall of spinal cord caused by lack of union between laminae of vertebrae- Spinabifida
Hernia of spinal cord - Rachicele; Hernia of meninges - Meningocele; Protrusion of brain - Encephalocele; Congenital fissure in cranium - cranischisis ;
In internal hydrocephalus, accumulation of CSF - Ventricle while In External hydrocephalus, accumulation of fluid in sub -dural space.
Inflammation of duramater - pachymeningitis; Inflammation of piameter - leptomeningitis
Inflammation of grey matter of spinal cord - Poliomyelitis

23

b. (Setaria digitata)
Kumri ( paralytic condition - lumbar paralysis) seen in sheep, goat mainly horse, caused by presence of larva of Setaria digitata in CNS.
Toxoplasma gondii obligate intracellular parasite of cat ( definitive host), causes coagulative necrosis in brain.
Hypoderma bovis, also known as heel flies or gad flies, found in fat of vertebral canal, forms cysts and warbles on skin
The cause of sturdy or gid in sheep is coenurus cerebralis ( larval forms of T. multiceps).

24.

b. (Lordosis)
Abnormal curvature of spine with ventral convexity - Lordosis
Abnormal curvature of spine with lateral convexity - Scoliosis
Abnormal curvature of spine with dorsal convexity- Kyphosis

25.

c. (Apodia)
Absence of posterior limb - Apodia
Absence of anterior limb- Abrachia
Absence of limbs - Amelia
Absence of some of the toes - Perodactyly
Absence of all the toes in the limb - Adactylism
Fusion of toes - Syndactylism
Abnormal shortening of the toes - Brachydactylism

26.

d. (All)
Osteodystrophia fibrosa in horse known as Bran disease, renal ricket, rubbery jaw, big head disease, Millers disease etc.
Osteodystrophy fibrosa occurs when horse are fed rations containing high cereal phosphorus and limited calcium.

27.

d. (Compact bone but do not have haversian system)
Exostosis (benign outgrowth of cartilaginous tissue on a bone) of osteophytes have a structure of compact bone but do not have haversian system.
If Exostosis found in 1st and 2nd phalanx then it is known as ringbone
Exostosis at end of metacarpal and metatarsal bone - splint
Exostosis on the medial portion of the distal tarsal bone - Spavin
When serous fluid is in considerable amount in joint - Joint gall
Inflammation of hip joint - Coxitis
Small vertebral articulation becomes ankylosed, known as Ankylosing spondylosis
Example of bursitis - Bog spavin; Hygroma of carpal joint
serous bursitis of hock joint in the horse : Bog spavin
capped elbow in horse involves hock joint
Poll evil or fistulous wither in horse caused by brucella organism involves hock joint.

28.

b. (Cretinism)
Hypothyroidism causes cretinism ( condition characterized by physical deformity and learning difficulties) in young growing children while causes myxedema ( condition characterized by confusion, swelling of body, weakness, difficult breathing) in adult.
Goitre is non inflammatory and non neoplastic enlargement of thyroid gland.
Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder causes hyperthyroidism (exophthalmic goiter) characterized by weight loss, nervousness, sweating etc.
Cushing syndrome is result of hyperfunctions of adrenal cortex.
Myasthenia gravis ( chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating weakness of voluntary muscles group), caused by hyperplasia of thymus gland.

29.

c. (Acanthosis)
Thickening of epidermis due to hyperplasia of cells of malphigian layer - Acanthosis
Condition in which keratin layer is imperfectly formed but in which the nuclei of horn cells are retained - parakeratosis
Thickening of all layers of skin - Pachyderma
Abnormal thickening of stratum granulosum - hyperkeratosis
development in which malphigian layer undergo abnormal imperfect keratinization - dyskeratosis
Intercellular edema of epidermis - spongiosis
sharply circumscribed, flat, edematous elevation of skin - Wheal/ urticaria
Discolored spot of skin, which is not elevated above skin - Macula
Congenital lack of feather in fowl - apennosis
Abscess of hair follicle - Furuncle/boil while inflammation of hair follicle - folliculitis
Inflammation of sebaceous gland - Acne
Clusture of boils situated close to each other - Carbuncle
The wall of dermoid cyst contains skin appendages
-Cyst of sweat gland - sudoriferous cyst

30.

b. (Mydriasis)
Dilation of pupil - mydriasis
Constriction of pupil - Myiasis
Condition in which eyelids, ciliary body, lens or iris may showing fissure or gaps in their continuity - Coloboma
Condition in which both the eyelids are fused together - Ankyloblepharon
Condition in which lens is small and spherical and lens may be opaque or transparent - Microphakia
Condition in which there is only one eye due to fusion of two orbits - Cyclops
The squint of the human being is known as strabismus
condition in which lens becomes opaque - cataract
Inflammation of eyelids - blepharitis
abscess of the memobian gland - chalazion
Adhesion between eyelids - Ankyloblepharon
inflammation of orbit - orbital cellulitis
union between the conjunctiva lining the eyelids - symblepharon
sinking of the eyeball into the orbit - enophthalmos ]
inflammation of lachrymal gland - dacryoadenitis
condition in which vascular granulation tissue is found between the corneal epithelium and the Bowman’s membrane - Pannus
Condition in which there is adhesion of the iris to the posterior surface of cornea - Anterior synechia
Inflammation of iris and ciliary body - Iridocyclitis or Anterior uveitis